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A&P Outline Chapter 1
Memorization of the Outline by Level and Sub-level
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/08/2009

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Term
Chapter 1 (items 1-5)
Definition
1. Introduction;2. Anatomy and Physiology;3. Levels of Organization; 4. Characteristics of Life; 5. Maintanence of Life
Term
Chapter 1 (items 6-10)
Definition
6. Homeostasis; 7. Organization of the Human Body; 8. Organ Systems; 9. Life Span Changes; 10. Relative Position
Term
1. Introduction (a-e)
Definition
a)Earliest ancestors curiosity of body; b)Hunter – Gatherer c)Agriculture; d)Urbanization
Term
1. Introduction (f-h)
Definition
f)Modern Medicine; g)New Knowledge, New Language; h)Dissection - The Key to Modern Medicine
Term
2. Anatomy & Physiology (a, b)
Definition
a)Definitions; b)Separation of A&P is difficult
Term
4. Characteristics of Life (a, b)
Definition
a) Metabolism – obtain, release, and use energy are processes of; b)See Table 1.3 p 8 “Characteristics of Life”
Term
5. Maintenance of Life (a, b)
Definition
a)All functions, except reproduction, necessary for life; b) Requirements of Organisms
Term
6. Homeostasis (a-c)
Definition
a) body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment; b)processes work to achieve homeostasis through control systems; c) Control Systems work like this
Term
7. Organization of the Human Body (p12)(a-c)
Definition
a) Major Divisions b) Membranes c)Refer to textbook pp13, 14 for diagrams
Term
8) Organ Systems (a-e)
Definition
a) Integumentary b) Skeletal c) Muscular d) Nervous e) Endocrine
Term
8) Organ Systems (f-k)
Definition
f) Cardiovascular g) Lymphatic h) Digestive i) Respiratory j)Urinary k) Reproductive
Term
9) Life Span Changes (p20) (a,b)
Definition
a) Aging – passage of time and the accompanying changes b) Centenarians 3 Groups
Term
10) Relative Position (p21) (a-e)
Definition
a) Anatomical Position b) Superior c) Inferior d) Anterior (ventral) – toward the front e) Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back
Term
10) Relative Position (p21) (f-j)
Definition
f) Medial g)Lateral - Toward the side wrt the medial line h) Bilateral – pairs of structures, one on each side of imaginary line (lungs are bilateral) i) Ipsilateral – same side (right kidney and right lung are ipsilateral) j) Contralateral – opposite sides
Term
10) Relative Position (p21) (k-o)
Definition
k) Proximal l) Distal m) Superficial – near the surface n)Peripheral – outward or near the surface o) Deep – more internal parts
Term
11) Body Sections (p22) (a-d)
Definition
a) Sagittal b) Transverse c) Frontal d) Cutting a structure
Term
12) Body Regions (a,b)
Definition
a) Abdominal Region subdivisions (9 of them) b) Abdominal Region subdivisions (4 quadrants)
Term
1a) Earliest ancestors curiosity of body (i-iii)
Definition
i) Injury ii) Illness iii) Healthy bodies demand little attention
Term
1b) Hunter – Gatherer (i-iii)
Definition
i) 6000 to 10000 yrs ago ii) little contact – roving bands of wanderers (limit spread of infectious disease) iii) ate wild plants – provided infection protection
Term
1c) Agriculture (i-ii)
Definition
i) Exposure to pathogens through feces as fertilizer ii) Less reliance on wild plants
Term
1d) Urbanization (i-ii)
Definition
i) Sedentary ii) Altered diets iii) Examples
Term
1e) Rise of Modern Medicine (i-ii)
Definition
i) Healers – superstitions and magic ii) Early workers – useful ways to observe and treat the body
Term
1f) Modern Medicine (i-iii)
Definition
i)Questions and answers ii)Accurate observation iii)Useful examination
Term
1g)New Knowledge, New Language (i-ii)
Definition
i)Name body parts, location, function ii)Greek and Latin
Term
1h)Dissection – the key to Modern Medicine (i-iii)
Definition
i)Forbidden during the Middle Ages ii)Key part of education in the 20th Century iii)Scanned dissections (visible Human Project from Nat’l Libr. Medi
Term
1diii) Examples (1), (2)
Definition
(1)Tooth decay stats (2)Bones reflect malnutrition
Term
1eii)Early workers – useful ways to observe and treat the body
Definition
(1)Effects of injuries (2)Wound healing (3)Examination of causes of death (4)Herbal medicines – how they worked
Term
1hii)Key part of education in the 20th Century (1)-(3)
Definition
(1) Dissection of cadavers (2) Pre-dissected (3) Scanned dissections (visible Human Project from Nat’l Libr. Medi.
Term
2ai) Definitions
Definition
i)Anatomy – “cutting up” ii) Physiology – “relation to nature”
Term
2aii)Physiology – “relation to nature” (1)-(2)
Definition
(1)What it does (2)How does it do it
Term
3di)Contain organelles (1)-(2)
Definition
(1)Specific activity (2) Composed of
Term
3di(2) Composed of (a-d)
Definition
(a)proteins (b)Carbohydrates (c)lipids (d)nucleic acids
Term
3) Levels of Organization (a-h)
Definition
a)Atoms b)Molecules – combination of atoms c)Macromolecules – combination of molecules d)Cells, the basic unit of Organisms e)Cells assemble into layers called tissues f)Groups of different tissues form organs g)Organ groups which function closely together form Organ systems (see Table 1.2 p 8) h)Interacting organ systems make up an organism
Term
4b)See Table 1.3 p 8 “Characteristics of Life” (i-x)
Definition
(i)Movement (ii)Responsiveness (iii)Growth (iv)Reproduction (v)Respiration (vi)Digestion vii)Absorption (viii)Circulation (ix)Assimilation (x)Excretion
Term
5b(i) Water (1-5)
Definition
(1)Most abundant substance in the body (2)Required for a variety of metabolic processes (3)Environment where most of these processes take place (4)Transports substances in organisms (5)Important in regulating body temperatures
Term
5b(ii) Food (1-2)
Definition
(1)Energy (2)Raw materials (nutrients)
Term
5b(iii) Oxygen (1-3)
Definition
(1)1/3 of air as a gas (2)used to release energy from nutrients (3)energy drives metabolic processes
Term
5b(iv) Heat (1-5)
Definition
(1) Form of energy in environment (2)Product of metabolic reactions (3)Partly controls rate of metabolic reactions (4)The more heat, the faster the rate of metabolic reaction (5)Temp – measure of heat
Term
6c(i) Control Systems work like this (i-iv)
Definition
(i)Receptors send signal of change in environment – stimulus (ii)Stimulus change is compared to set point by Control Center (iii) Control center sends signal to Effectors iv)Effectors elicit a response to the stimulus as so to change it toward the set point
Term
6c(v) Most body control systems are negative feedback (1-3)
Definition
(1)Effectors work to stop stimulus (2)Deviations from set point lessen (3)Effectors gradually shut down
Term
6c(vi) Example of Control system
Definition
(1) Body Temp too Low (2) Body Temp too High (3) Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood pressure (4) Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood sugar
Term
6c(vi) (1) Body Temp too Low (a - c)
Definition
(a) Receptors (b)Control Center (a) Effectors
Term
6c(vi) (a)Receptors (i -ii)
Definition
(i) Sense the body is hot (ii) Message sent to the Control Center
Term
6c(vi) (2)Control Center (i - iv)
Definition
(i)Hypothalamus (ii)which compares body temp to normal body temp of 37C (98.6F (iii)message sent to Effectors (iv)Effectors (v)Sweat glands produce perspiration to cool (vi)Blood vessels dilate – increase blood flow, enabling deeper tissues to lose heat
Term
6c(vi) (3)Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood pressure (a - c)
Definition
(a)Brain (b)Heart (c)Pressure receptors
Term
6c(vi) (4)Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood sugar (a - c)
Definition
(a)Pancreas (b)Insulin (c)Glycogen
Term
6c(vii) Positive feedback systems encourage the change away from normal state, and usually are short lived (1 - 2)
Definition
(1)Blood clotting (2)Uterus contractions during childbirth
Term
7a (i) Axial Division (1 - 3)
Definition
(1)Head (2)Neck (3)Trunk
Term
7a (iii) Cavities within the Axial portion (1 - 5)
Definition
(1)Cranial cavity – houses the brain (2)Vertebral canal (3)Organs in the following two divisions are called Viscera (4)Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from the lower abdominopelvic cavity (5)Smaller cavities within the head (p12)
Term
7a (iii) (2)Vertebral canal (a - b)
Definition
(a)contains the spinal cord (b)surrounded by sections of backbone
Term
7a iii) (3a) Thoracic cavity (i - iii)
Definition
(i)Lungs (located in thorax) (ii)Area between lungs called the mediastatinum (iii)Located within the mediastatinum - heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus
Term
7a iii) (3b) Abdominopelvic cavity (i - iii)
Definition
(i)Contains an upper and lower portion (ii)Extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis (iii)Abdominal cavity (upper portion) viscera – stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines
Term
7a iii) (3b iv) Pelvic cavity (1 - 2)
Definition
1.(lower portion) viscera – terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs 2.Enclosed by pelvic bones
Term
7a iii) (5) Smaller cavities within the head (p12) (a - d)
Definition
(a) Oral (b) Nasal (c) Orbital (d) Middle ear
Term
7b i) Serous membranes (1 - 4)
Definition
(1) Line the wall of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (2) The Lungs (3) The Heart (4) The abdominopelvic membranes
Term
7b i) (1)Line the wall of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (a - c)
Definition
(a) Parietal layer – lines a body cavity and folds back to form (b) Visceral layer – covering the organ (c) Fluid secreted for lubrication that separates parietal and visceral layer
Term
7b i) (2)The Lungs (a - d)
Definition
(a) Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity which contains the lungs (b) Parietal viscera covers the lungs (c) Separated by a thin film of serous fluid (d)Pleural cavity is the potential space between the pleural and visceral membranes
Term
7b i) (3)The Heart (a - e)
Definition
(a) Visceral pericardial membrane (b) Parietal pericardial membrane (c) Serous fluid separates visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (d) Potential space between the v. and p. pericardial membranes is called the pericardial cavity (e) A thicker third layer surrounds the parietal pericardium, called the fibrous pericardium
Term
7b i) (4a)Peritoneal membranes (i - iii)
Definition
(i) Parietal – lines the abdominopelvic cavity (ii) Visceral – covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (iii) Peritoneal cavity – potential space between the v. and p. peritoneal membranes
Term
8a i) Skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (1 - 4)
Definition
(1) Functions (2) Protect tissues (3) Regulate body temperature (4) Support sensory receptors
Term
8b ii) Skeletal Functions (1 - 5)
Definition
(1) Provide framework (2) Protect soft tissues (3) Provide attachments to muscles (4) Produce blood cells (5) Store inorganic salts
Term
8b ii) (4) Produce blood cells (a - c)
Definition
(a) Red (b) White (c) Platelets
Term
8c ii) Muscular Functions (1 - 3)
Definition
(1) Create movements (2) Maintain posture (3) Produce body heat
Term
8d ii) Nervous Functions (1 - 3)
Definition
(1) Detect changes (2) Receive and interpret sensory information (3) Stimulate muscles and glands
Term
8e i) Glands secrete hormones: (1 - 4)
Definition
(1) Pppp ttt a o – Peter Pan’s Pair of Pens Thy Test Thyme all OK? (2) Pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid, pineal glands (3) Thyroid, testes, thymus (4) Adrenal, ovaries
Term
8f ii) Cardiovascular Functions (1 - 2)
Definition
(1) Move blood through blood vessels (2) Transport substances throughout the body
Term
8g ii) Lymphatic Functions (1 - 3)
Definition
(1) Return tissue fluid to the blood (2) Carry certain absorbed food molecules (see Dr. Vand. Notes – lipids) (3) Defend the body against infection
Term
8h ii) Digestive Functions (1 - 4)
Definition
(1) Receive food (2) Break down (3) Absorb (4) Eliminate unabsorbed material
Term
8i ii) Respiratory Functions (1 - 2)
Definition
(1) Intake and output of air (2) Exchange of gases between air and blood
Term
8j ii) Urinary Functions (1 - 3)
Definition
(1) Remove wastes from blood (2) Maintain water and electrolyte balance (3) Store and transport urine
Term
8k i) (2) Reproductive Male Functions (a - b)
Definition
(a) Produce and maintain sperm cells (b) Transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract
Term
8k ii) (2) Reproductive Female Functions (a - d)
Definition
(a) Produce and maintain egg cells (b) Receive sperm cells (c) Support development of an embryo (d) Function in the birth process
Term
9a ii) (1) Tissue Level (a - c)
Definition
(a) Skin stiffening – decreased production of collagen and elastin (b) Shift in Fat to Water % (c) Elderly metabolize drugs slower than younger people
Term
9a ii) (2) Cellular level (a - c)
Definition
(a) Cells lose their ability to replicate correctly (b) Lipofuscin and ceroid pigments accumulate – cell no longer fights free radicals (c) Beta amyloid contributes to Alzheimer’s
Term
9a ii (d) Thyroid function slow down of metabolism (i - iii)
Definition
(i) Impaired glucose use (ii) Rate of protein synthesis (iii) Impaired production of digestive enzymes
Term
10b Superior (i - ii)
Definition
i) above another part ii) or closer to the head
Term
10c Inferior (i - ii)
Definition
i) Below another part ii) Closer to the feet
Term
10f Medial (i - ii)
Definition
i) divides body into left and right halves ii) a part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part
Term
10 l Distal (i - ii)
Definition
i) Farther from the trunk ii) Farther from specified reference point
Term
11a) Sagittal (i - iv)
Definition
i) lengthwise cut ii) divides body into left and right iii) sagittal cut on midline wrt left and right is called midsagittal iv) sagittal cut left or right of midline is parasagittal
Term
11b) Transverse (i - ii)
Definition
i) Horizontal ii) Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Term
11c) Frontal (i - ii)
Definition
i) Coronal ii) Divides the body into Anterior and Posterior portions
Term
11d) Cutting a structure (i - iii)
Definition
i) Cross Section = perpendicular cut to direction of vessel or organ ii) Oblique Section = angular cut iii) Longitudinal Section = lengthwise cut
Term
12a) Abdominal Region subdivisions (9) (i - vi)
Definition
i) Epigastric region – upper middle portion ii) Left and right hypochondriac regions – on the left side of the epigastric region iii) Umbilical region – central portion iv) Left and right lumbar regions – on the left / right side of the umbilical region v) Hypogastric portion – lower middle portion vi) Left / right iliac (inguinal) – on the left / right of the hypogastric portion
Term
12b) Abdominal Region subdivisions (4 quadrants) (i - iv)
Definition
i) Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) ii) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) iii) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) iv) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
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