Term
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Definition
| 1. Introduction;2. Anatomy and Physiology;3. Levels of Organization; 4. Characteristics of Life; 5. Maintanence of Life |
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Term
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Definition
| 6. Homeostasis; 7. Organization of the Human Body; 8. Organ Systems; 9. Life Span Changes; 10. Relative Position |
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Term
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Definition
| a)Earliest ancestors curiosity of body; b)Hunter – Gatherer c)Agriculture; d)Urbanization |
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Term
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Definition
| f)Modern Medicine; g)New Knowledge, New Language; h)Dissection - The Key to Modern Medicine |
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Term
| 2. Anatomy & Physiology (a, b) |
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Definition
| a)Definitions; b)Separation of A&P is difficult |
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Term
| 4. Characteristics of Life (a, b) |
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Definition
| a) Metabolism – obtain, release, and use energy are processes of; b)See Table 1.3 p 8 “Characteristics of Life” |
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Term
| 5. Maintenance of Life (a, b) |
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Definition
| a)All functions, except reproduction, necessary for life; b) Requirements of Organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a) body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment; b)processes work to achieve homeostasis through control systems; c) Control Systems work like this |
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Term
| 7. Organization of the Human Body (p12)(a-c) |
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Definition
| a) Major Divisions b) Membranes c)Refer to textbook pp13, 14 for diagrams |
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Term
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Definition
| a) Integumentary b) Skeletal c) Muscular d) Nervous e) Endocrine |
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Term
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Definition
| f) Cardiovascular g) Lymphatic h) Digestive i) Respiratory j)Urinary k) Reproductive |
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Term
| 9) Life Span Changes (p20) (a,b) |
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Definition
| a) Aging – passage of time and the accompanying changes b) Centenarians 3 Groups |
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Term
| 10) Relative Position (p21) (a-e) |
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Definition
| a) Anatomical Position b) Superior c) Inferior d) Anterior (ventral) – toward the front e) Posterior (dorsal) – toward the back |
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Term
| 10) Relative Position (p21) (f-j) |
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Definition
| f) Medial g)Lateral - Toward the side wrt the medial line h) Bilateral – pairs of structures, one on each side of imaginary line (lungs are bilateral) i) Ipsilateral – same side (right kidney and right lung are ipsilateral) j) Contralateral – opposite sides |
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Term
| 10) Relative Position (p21) (k-o) |
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Definition
| k) Proximal l) Distal m) Superficial – near the surface n)Peripheral – outward or near the surface o) Deep – more internal parts |
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Term
| 11) Body Sections (p22) (a-d) |
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Definition
| a) Sagittal b) Transverse c) Frontal d) Cutting a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a) Abdominal Region subdivisions (9 of them) b) Abdominal Region subdivisions (4 quadrants) |
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Term
| 1a) Earliest ancestors curiosity of body (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i) Injury ii) Illness iii) Healthy bodies demand little attention |
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Term
| 1b) Hunter – Gatherer (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i) 6000 to 10000 yrs ago ii) little contact – roving bands of wanderers (limit spread of infectious disease) iii) ate wild plants – provided infection protection |
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Term
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Definition
| i) Exposure to pathogens through feces as fertilizer ii) Less reliance on wild plants |
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Term
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Definition
| i) Sedentary ii) Altered diets iii) Examples |
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Term
| 1e) Rise of Modern Medicine (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i) Healers – superstitions and magic ii) Early workers – useful ways to observe and treat the body |
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Term
| 1f) Modern Medicine (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i)Questions and answers ii)Accurate observation iii)Useful examination |
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Term
| 1g)New Knowledge, New Language (i-ii) |
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Definition
| i)Name body parts, location, function ii)Greek and Latin |
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Term
| 1h)Dissection – the key to Modern Medicine (i-iii) |
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Definition
| i)Forbidden during the Middle Ages ii)Key part of education in the 20th Century iii)Scanned dissections (visible Human Project from Nat’l Libr. Medi |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Tooth decay stats (2)Bones reflect malnutrition |
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Term
| 1eii)Early workers – useful ways to observe and treat the body |
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Definition
| (1)Effects of injuries (2)Wound healing (3)Examination of causes of death (4)Herbal medicines – how they worked |
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Term
| 1hii)Key part of education in the 20th Century (1)-(3) |
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Definition
| (1) Dissection of cadavers (2) Pre-dissected (3) Scanned dissections (visible Human Project from Nat’l Libr. Medi. |
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Term
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Definition
| i)Anatomy – “cutting up” ii) Physiology – “relation to nature” |
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Term
| 2aii)Physiology – “relation to nature” (1)-(2) |
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Definition
| (1)What it does (2)How does it do it |
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Term
| 3di)Contain organelles (1)-(2) |
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Definition
| (1)Specific activity (2) Composed of |
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Term
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Definition
| (a)proteins (b)Carbohydrates (c)lipids (d)nucleic acids |
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Term
| 3) Levels of Organization (a-h) |
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Definition
| a)Atoms b)Molecules – combination of atoms c)Macromolecules – combination of molecules d)Cells, the basic unit of Organisms e)Cells assemble into layers called tissues f)Groups of different tissues form organs g)Organ groups which function closely together form Organ systems (see Table 1.2 p 8) h)Interacting organ systems make up an organism |
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Term
| 4b)See Table 1.3 p 8 “Characteristics of Life” (i-x) |
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Definition
| (i)Movement (ii)Responsiveness (iii)Growth (iv)Reproduction (v)Respiration (vi)Digestion vii)Absorption (viii)Circulation (ix)Assimilation (x)Excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Most abundant substance in the body (2)Required for a variety of metabolic processes (3)Environment where most of these processes take place (4)Transports substances in organisms (5)Important in regulating body temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Energy (2)Raw materials (nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)1/3 of air as a gas (2)used to release energy from nutrients (3)energy drives metabolic processes |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) Form of energy in environment (2)Product of metabolic reactions (3)Partly controls rate of metabolic reactions (4)The more heat, the faster the rate of metabolic reaction (5)Temp – measure of heat |
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Term
| 6c(i) Control Systems work like this (i-iv) |
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Definition
| (i)Receptors send signal of change in environment – stimulus (ii)Stimulus change is compared to set point by Control Center (iii) Control center sends signal to Effectors iv)Effectors elicit a response to the stimulus as so to change it toward the set point |
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Term
| 6c(v) Most body control systems are negative feedback (1-3) |
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Definition
| (1)Effectors work to stop stimulus (2)Deviations from set point lessen (3)Effectors gradually shut down |
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Term
| 6c(vi) Example of Control system |
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Definition
| (1) Body Temp too Low (2) Body Temp too High (3) Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood pressure (4) Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood sugar |
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Term
| 6c(vi) (1) Body Temp too Low (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a) Receptors (b)Control Center (a) Effectors |
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Term
| 6c(vi) (a)Receptors (i -ii) |
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Definition
| (i) Sense the body is hot (ii) Message sent to the Control Center |
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Term
| 6c(vi) (2)Control Center (i - iv) |
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Definition
| (i)Hypothalamus (ii)which compares body temp to normal body temp of 37C (98.6F (iii)message sent to Effectors (iv)Effectors (v)Sweat glands produce perspiration to cool (vi)Blood vessels dilate – increase blood flow, enabling deeper tissues to lose heat |
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Term
| 6c(vi) (3)Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood pressure (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a)Brain (b)Heart (c)Pressure receptors |
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Term
| 6c(vi) (4)Control System (Homeostatic Mechanism) of blood sugar (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a)Pancreas (b)Insulin (c)Glycogen |
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Term
| 6c(vii) Positive feedback systems encourage the change away from normal state, and usually are short lived (1 - 2) |
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Definition
| (1)Blood clotting (2)Uterus contractions during childbirth |
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Term
| 7a (i) Axial Division (1 - 3) |
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Definition
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Term
| 7a (iii) Cavities within the Axial portion (1 - 5) |
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Definition
| (1)Cranial cavity – houses the brain (2)Vertebral canal (3)Organs in the following two divisions are called Viscera (4)Diaphragm separates thoracic cavity from the lower abdominopelvic cavity (5)Smaller cavities within the head (p12) |
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Term
| 7a (iii) (2)Vertebral canal (a - b) |
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Definition
| (a)contains the spinal cord (b)surrounded by sections of backbone |
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Term
| 7a iii) (3a) Thoracic cavity (i - iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Lungs (located in thorax) (ii)Area between lungs called the mediastatinum (iii)Located within the mediastatinum - heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus |
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Term
| 7a iii) (3b) Abdominopelvic cavity (i - iii) |
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Definition
| (i)Contains an upper and lower portion (ii)Extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis (iii)Abdominal cavity (upper portion) viscera – stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestines, large intestines |
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Term
| 7a iii) (3b iv) Pelvic cavity (1 - 2) |
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Definition
| 1.(lower portion) viscera – terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs 2.Enclosed by pelvic bones |
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Term
| 7a iii) (5) Smaller cavities within the head (p12) (a - d) |
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Definition
| (a) Oral (b) Nasal (c) Orbital (d) Middle ear |
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Term
| 7b i) Serous membranes (1 - 4) |
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Definition
| (1) Line the wall of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (2) The Lungs (3) The Heart (4) The abdominopelvic membranes |
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Term
| 7b i) (1)Line the wall of the thoracic and abdominal cavities (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a) Parietal layer – lines a body cavity and folds back to form (b) Visceral layer – covering the organ (c) Fluid secreted for lubrication that separates parietal and visceral layer |
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Term
| 7b i) (2)The Lungs (a - d) |
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Definition
| (a) Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity which contains the lungs (b) Parietal viscera covers the lungs (c) Separated by a thin film of serous fluid (d)Pleural cavity is the potential space between the pleural and visceral membranes |
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Term
| 7b i) (3)The Heart (a - e) |
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Definition
| (a) Visceral pericardial membrane (b) Parietal pericardial membrane (c) Serous fluid separates visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (d) Potential space between the v. and p. pericardial membranes is called the pericardial cavity (e) A thicker third layer surrounds the parietal pericardium, called the fibrous pericardium |
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Term
| 7b i) (4a)Peritoneal membranes (i - iii) |
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Definition
| (i) Parietal – lines the abdominopelvic cavity (ii) Visceral – covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (iii) Peritoneal cavity – potential space between the v. and p. peritoneal membranes |
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Term
| 8a i) Skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (1 - 4) |
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Definition
| (1) Functions (2) Protect tissues (3) Regulate body temperature (4) Support sensory receptors |
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Term
| 8b ii) Skeletal Functions (1 - 5) |
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Definition
| (1) Provide framework (2) Protect soft tissues (3) Provide attachments to muscles (4) Produce blood cells (5) Store inorganic salts |
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Term
| 8b ii) (4) Produce blood cells (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a) Red (b) White (c) Platelets |
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Term
| 8c ii) Muscular Functions (1 - 3) |
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Definition
| (1) Create movements (2) Maintain posture (3) Produce body heat |
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Term
| 8d ii) Nervous Functions (1 - 3) |
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Definition
| (1) Detect changes (2) Receive and interpret sensory information (3) Stimulate muscles and glands |
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Term
| 8e i) Glands secrete hormones: (1 - 4) |
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Definition
| (1) Pppp ttt a o – Peter Pan’s Pair of Pens Thy Test Thyme all OK? (2) Pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid, pineal glands (3) Thyroid, testes, thymus (4) Adrenal, ovaries |
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Term
| 8f ii) Cardiovascular Functions (1 - 2) |
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Definition
| (1) Move blood through blood vessels (2) Transport substances throughout the body |
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Term
| 8g ii) Lymphatic Functions (1 - 3) |
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Definition
| (1) Return tissue fluid to the blood (2) Carry certain absorbed food molecules (see Dr. Vand. Notes – lipids) (3) Defend the body against infection |
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Term
| 8h ii) Digestive Functions (1 - 4) |
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Definition
| (1) Receive food (2) Break down (3) Absorb (4) Eliminate unabsorbed material |
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Term
| 8i ii) Respiratory Functions (1 - 2) |
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Definition
| (1) Intake and output of air (2) Exchange of gases between air and blood |
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Term
| 8j ii) Urinary Functions (1 - 3) |
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Definition
| (1) Remove wastes from blood (2) Maintain water and electrolyte balance (3) Store and transport urine |
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Term
| 8k i) (2) Reproductive Male Functions (a - b) |
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Definition
| (a) Produce and maintain sperm cells (b) Transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract |
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Term
| 8k ii) (2) Reproductive Female Functions (a - d) |
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Definition
| (a) Produce and maintain egg cells (b) Receive sperm cells (c) Support development of an embryo (d) Function in the birth process |
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Term
| 9a ii) (1) Tissue Level (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a) Skin stiffening – decreased production of collagen and elastin (b) Shift in Fat to Water % (c) Elderly metabolize drugs slower than younger people |
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Term
| 9a ii) (2) Cellular level (a - c) |
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Definition
| (a) Cells lose their ability to replicate correctly (b) Lipofuscin and ceroid pigments accumulate – cell no longer fights free radicals (c) Beta amyloid contributes to Alzheimer’s |
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Term
| 9a ii (d) Thyroid function slow down of metabolism (i - iii) |
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Definition
| (i) Impaired glucose use (ii) Rate of protein synthesis (iii) Impaired production of digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| i) above another part ii) or closer to the head |
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Term
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Definition
| i) Below another part ii) Closer to the feet |
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Term
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Definition
| i) divides body into left and right halves ii) a part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part |
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Term
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Definition
| i) Farther from the trunk ii) Farther from specified reference point |
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Term
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Definition
| i) lengthwise cut ii) divides body into left and right iii) sagittal cut on midline wrt left and right is called midsagittal iv) sagittal cut left or right of midline is parasagittal |
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Term
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Definition
| i) Horizontal ii) Divides the body into superior and inferior portions |
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Term
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Definition
| i) Coronal ii) Divides the body into Anterior and Posterior portions |
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Term
| 11d) Cutting a structure (i - iii) |
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Definition
| i) Cross Section = perpendicular cut to direction of vessel or organ ii) Oblique Section = angular cut iii) Longitudinal Section = lengthwise cut |
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Term
| 12a) Abdominal Region subdivisions (9) (i - vi) |
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Definition
| i) Epigastric region – upper middle portion ii) Left and right hypochondriac regions – on the left side of the epigastric region iii) Umbilical region – central portion iv) Left and right lumbar regions – on the left / right side of the umbilical region v) Hypogastric portion – lower middle portion vi) Left / right iliac (inguinal) – on the left / right of the hypogastric portion |
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Term
| 12b) Abdominal Region subdivisions (4 quadrants) (i - iv) |
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Definition
| i) Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) ii) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) iii) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) iv) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
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