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A&P of the Eye
State Board Exam
147
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/29/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define Anatomy
Definition
The study of body structure
Term
Physiology is ...
Definition
The study of how the body functions
Term
What are the six organizational levels of the human body?
Definition
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ Sytem
  6. Organism

 

Term
What are three important facts about H2O?
Definition
  1. Water is a solvent
  2. Water is a lubricant
  3. Water changes temperature slowly
Term
During which life process is oxygen utilized?
Definition
Cellular Respiration
Term
Name the condition when there is an excess of CO2 in the blood.
Definition
Acidosis
Term
What are the four major groups of organic compounds in the human body?
Definition
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
Term
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Definition
They serve as a source of energy
Term
Name the subunits that make up proteins...
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
Name the cell organelle that is responsible for cellular energy.
Definition
Mitochondrion
Term
List three types of nucleic acids...
Definition
  1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  2. Ribonucliec Acid (RNA)
  3. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Term
Name one type of lipid and describe its structure.
Definition
Triglyceride: Glycerol and three fatty acids
Term
List the four main types of body tissue.
Definition
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nerve
Term

Name the two types of bone tissue

 

Definition
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy Bone
Term
What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?
Definition
  1. Axial
  2. Appendicular
Term
What is the name of the "system" that is used in compact bone?
Definition
Haversion System - Microscopic cyclinders of bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around central haversian canals.
Term
What types of blood cells are produced in spongy bone?
Definition

Cavities contain red bone marrow, which produces red blood cells, platelets and five types of white blood cells.

Term
During depolarization stage of an action potential, what neurotransmitter makes the sarcolemma permeable to Na+ions?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
In the muscle cell, what two proteins utilize a "ratchet" type movement to contract muscle tissue?
Definition
  1. Actin
  2. Myocin
Term
What are the two main divisions of bones in the human skull?
Definition
  1. Cranial
  2. Facial
Term
What are the muscle cells specialized to do?
Definition
  1. Contract
  2. Shorten
  3. Produce movement
Term
What is the "anotomical space" called at the neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Synapse
Term
What are the two main sections of the nervous system?
Definition
  1. Central
  2. Peripheral
Term

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

 

Definition
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
Term
What is a nerve cell called?
Definition
Neuron
Term
What is the purpose of a Schwann cell?
Definition
Schwann cells wrapping around cell extensions is called myelination. Myelin is a phospholipid that electricalls insulates neurons from one another.
Term
What are the spaces along the axon called between Schwann cells?
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
List three types of neurons
Definition
  1. Afferent (Sensory) neurons
  2. Efferent (Motor) neurons
  3. Interneurons
Term
The midbrain contains centers for...
Definition
  1. Visual reflexes
  2. Auditory reflexes
  3. Equilibrium
Term

The occipital lobes contain areas for...

Definition
  1. Vision
  2. Interpretaion of spatial relationships
Term
Name the ocular condition that is caused by hypersecretion of thyroxine.
Definition
Grave's Disease
Term
Name the pancreatic islet cells that are responsible for the production of insulin.
Definition
Beta Cells
Term
Name the three main types of blood cells.
Definition
  1. Erythrocytes: red blood cells
  2. Lymphocytes: white blood cells
  3. Platelets
Term
Name the vessel that carries blood AWAY from the capillaries?
Definition
Vein
Term
Name the vessel that carries blood TOWARDS the capillaries.
Definition
Arteries
Term
Which system protects the body against pathogens and other foreign material?
Definition
Lymphatic
Term
List six organisms that can cause disease in human.
Definition
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Protozoa
  4. Fungi
  5. Worms
  6. Arthropods
Term

What type of infection is spread through out the body via blood or lymph by a pathogen?

 

Definition
Systemic
Term
Name the 8 Cranial Bones.
Definition
  1. Frontal bone
  2. Parietal bones (2)
  3. Temporal bones (2)
  4. Occipital bone
  5. Sphenoid bone
  6. Ethmoid bone
Term
Name the 14 Facial Bones
Definition
  1. Mandible
  2. Maxilla (2)
  3. Nasal Bones (2)
  4. Lacrimal Bones (2)
  5. Zygomatic (2)
  6. Palatine (2)
  7. Vomer
  8. Inferior nasal conchae (2)
Term
Name the seven bones of the orbit
Definition
  1. Frontal
  2. Zygomatic
  3. Maxilla
  4. Lacrimal
  5. Ethmoid
  6. Sphenoid
  7. Palatine
Term
Name the three orbital bones that are part of both orbits
Definition
  1. Frontal
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
Term
Name the two types of orbital connective tissue that helps prevent the spread of pathogens into the orbit.
Definition
  1. Preorbita
  2. Orbital septum
Term
List four main functions of the eyelids
Definition
  1. Spread tears
  2. Protect globe of eye
  3. Help to drain tears
  4. Contains structures that produce tears
Term

List the three structures found in the medial portion of the palpebral fissure

 

Definition
  1. Plica semilunaris
  2. Caruncle, Lacrimal lake
  3. Cilia
Term
What is the main function of the orbicularis oculi?
Definition
To close the eyelid
Term
What is the main function of the levator muscle?
Definition
To open the eyelid
Term
What lid muscle is responsible for widening of our eyes during moments of surprise?
Definition
Tarsal Muscle of Muller
Term
What glands are found embedded in the tarsal plate?
Definition
Meibomian Glands
Term
Name the two palpebral ligaments and their functions.
Definition
  1. Medial palpebral ligament
  2. Lateral palpebral ligament

They both connect the tarsal plates to orbital rims and hold them in postion during eye and lid movement.

Term
Describe the course of the conjuctiuval membrane starting at the mucocutaneous junctions and ending at the limbus.
Definition
  1. Palpebral conjunctiva
  2. Fornix
  3. Bulba conjuctiva
Term
List the four glands of the lids
Definition
  1. Meibomian glands
  2. Accessory lacrimal glands (Krause & Wolfring)
  3. Sebaceous glands of Zeis
  4. Glands of Moll
Term
List the seven functions of the tear film
Definition
  1. Keeps surface of eye moist
  2. Lubricates area between eyelids and globe
  3. Traps debris and remove old cells
  4. Main source of oxygen for cornea
  5. Smooth refractive surface for best optical function
  6. Contains antibacterial chemicals
  7. Keeps cornea hydrated
Term
Name the three layers of the tear film
Definition
  1. Mucin (mucous) layer - INNER
  2. Aqueous (watery) layer- MIDDLE
  3. Lipid (fatty) layer- OUTER
Term

List the four structures of the nasolacrimal drainage system.

Definition
  1. Puncta
  2. Canaliculi
  3. Nasolacrimal sac
  4. Nasolacrimal duct
Term
Name the six extraocular muscles
Definition
  1. Superior rectus
  2. Inferior rectus
  3. Medial rectus
  4. Lateral rectus
  5. Superior oblique
  6. Inferior oblique
Term
Name the primary action of each extraocular muscle
Definition
  1. Superior Rectus = Elevation (up)
  2. Inferior Rectus = Depression (down)
  3. Medial Rectus = Adduction (in)
  4. Lateral Rectus = Abduction (out)
  5. Superior oblique = Depression (in & down)
  6. Inferior Oblique = Elevation (out & up)
Term
List the five layers of the cornea, beginning with the most external structure.
Definition
  1. Epithelium
  2. Bowman's layer
  3. Stroma
  4. Descemet's membrane
  5. Endothelium
Term
List and describe the five layers of the corneal epithelium.
Definition
  1. Surface: Two layers of non-keratinized squamous cells
  2. Middle: Two layers of wing cells
  3. Basal layer: Single layer of columnar cells that produce the basement membrane.
Term

Can Bowman's layer regenerate?

 

Definition
No
Term
How many cell layers thick is the corneal endothelium?
Definition
One
Term
What type of cells produce collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma?
Definition
Keratocytes
Term
Does Descemet's membrane remain the same thickness throughout life?
Definition
No, constantly being produced (thickness doubled by age 40)
Term
What makes the endothelium so important?
Definition
Responsible for proper hydration
Term
What two conditions of the endothelium result from cell loss?
Definition
  1. Pleomorphism : change in cell SHAPE
  2. Polymegathism: change in cell SIZE

Both a result from a lack of O2

Term
From what three sources does the cornea receive oxygen?
Definition
  1. Diffusion of O2 from aqueous humor in the anterior chamber
  2. Conjunctival and episcleral capillary networks located in limbus
  3. Atmospheric O2 through the tear film
Term
Name the structure that occupies the anterior scleral foramen.
Definition
Cornea
Term

Name the loose, vascularized connective tissue that overlies the sclera.

Definition
Episclera
Term

Name the structure that is made up of circular collagen bundles extending from the inner portion of the sclera.

Definition
Scleral spur
Term
 Where is the limbus located?
Definition
Corneoscleral junction
Term
Name the structures that attatch the ciliary processes to the lens capsule.
Definition
Zonules
Term

In the lens, name the area responsible for cell mitosis.

 

Definition
Germinal Zone
Term

Name the antioxidant that detoxifies free radicals in the young lens.

 

Definition
Gluthatione
Term

Name three events that occur during accomodation for near focus.

Definition
  1. Ciliary muscle is CONSTRICTED and ANTERIORLY positioned
  2. Zonules are looser
  3. Lens is more convex
Term
What structure is responsible for aqueous humor production?
Definition
The epithelium of the pars plicata.
Term
What is the vitreous body composed of?
Definition
  • Collagen
  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Hyalocytes
Term
Name the three structures that make up the Uvea
Definition
  1. Iris
  2. Ciliary Body
  3. Choroid
Term
In what part of the iris will you find the smooth muscle iris sphincter?
Definition
Stromal pupillary zone
Term
What is the function of the iris dilator?
Definition
Mydriasis= large pupil (dialated)
Term
Name the two parts that make up the ciliary body
Definition
  1. Pars plicata
  2. Pars plana
Term

The choroid is located between what two stuctures?

Definition

Sclera and Retina

Term
Name the choroid layer that is internal to the choriocapillaris and external to the retinal pigament epithelium.
Definition
Bruch's membrane
Term
Name the first three cells of the visual pathway that are located in the retina.
Definition
  1. Photorecptor
  2. Bipolar
  3. Ganglion
Term
What is the most external layer of the retina?
Definition
Pigment epithelium
Term

What is the most internal layer of the retina?

 

Definition
Internal limiting membrane
Term
Rods are specialized for...
Definition
  • Night vision
  • Peripheral vision
  • Seeing blacks and grays
Term
What is the function of axons and dendrites?
Definition

Dendrites receive info from cells

Axons relay info to cells

Term
What is ectropian?
Definition

Eversion of the eyelid margin.

The lid margin falls away from its postion against the globe.

Term
What is entropian?
Definition

Inversion of the lid margin.

Lid margin is turned inward.

Term
What is ptosis?
Definition
A condtion in which the upper eyelid droops or sags.
Term
What is a hordeolum?
Definition

An acute inflammation of an eyelid gland, usually caused by staphyloccoci.

Term
What is a chalazion?
Definition
A localized, noninfectious, and sometimes painless swelling of a meibomian gland, often caused by an obstructed duct.
Term

The measurement of intraocular pressure helps us to determine if a patient may have chronic open-angle glaucoma.

 

True or False

Definition
True
Term

Rods are NOT specialized for?

Definition
Color Vision
Term
What type of medication is used to treat a corneal abrasion?
Definition
Topical antibiotic
Term
The axons of ganglion cells in the retina come together to form the?
Definition
Optic nerve
Term
The Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular are the three divisions of what cranial nerve?
Definition
Trigeminal Nerve
Term
The superior oblique is innervated by which cranial nerve?
Definition
Trochlear
Term
The orbicularis oculi muscle is innervated by which cranial nerve?
Definition
Facial
Term
Describe Pinguecula
Definition

Consists of an opaque, slightly elevated mass of modified conjunctival tissue in the interpalpebral area, usually at 3 o'clock or 9 o'clock position.

Term
Describe Pterygium
Definition
A fibrovascular overgrowth of bulbar conjunctiva onto cornea and is usually progressive over time.
Term

Describe AMD

(Age-Related Macular Degeneration)

Definition
Degenerative process involving the choroid-retina interface in the macular area.
Term
What is astenopia?
Definition
Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error,ocular muscle imbalance,including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.
Term
The three parts of the eye that make up the accommodative mechanism of the eye are...
Definition
  1. Crystalline Lens
  2. Suspensory Ligaments
  3. Cilliary Muscles
Term
When rays of light enter the eye, which of the refracting mediums of the eye do they pass through?
Definition
  1. Cornea
  2. Aqueous Humor
  3. Crystalline Lens
  4. Vitreous Humor
Term
The anterior scleral foramen draining the aqueous humor is?
Definition

Canal of Schlem

Term
The extraocular muscle which is innervated by the Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve #4) is the...
Definition
Superior Oblique
Term
The point of origin for the rectus muscle is the ...
Definition
Ligament of Zinn
Term
The part of the eye most responsible for the refraction of light is the ?
Definition
Cornea
Term
Loss of vision with out any apparent disease of the eye is called?
Definition
Amblyopia
Term
Name the three coats of the eyeball
Definition
  1. Sclera
  2. Choroid
  3. Retina
Term
To the layman the term Palpebrae is known as ...
Definition
The eyelid
Term
An eye disease characterized by increased tension or pressure within the eye is called?
Definition
Glaucoma
Term
The two sets of the muscles of the iris are?
Definition
  1. Sphincter Pupillae
  2. Dilator Pupillae
Term
The lacrimal gland, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct make up the?
Definition
Lacrimal Complex/Apparatus
Term
A lesion of the oculomotor nerve can result in                 of the eyelid.
Definition
Ptosis
Term
Rod cells are             sensitive to dim light than are cone cells.
Definition
More
Term
The fovea has the highest concentration of               in the retina.
Definition
Cones
Term
The clear watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the front eye.
Definition
Aqueous Humor
Term
A transparent, colorless body suspended in the front of the eyeball, between the iris and the vitreous. Function- to refract light.
Definition
Crystalline Lens
Term
The small area of the retina that surrounds the fovea, and with the fovea, comprises the area of the retina that gives vision.
Definition
The Macula
Term
The transparent, colorless mass of soft gelatinous material filling the eyeball behind the lens.
Definition
Vitreous Humor
Term
A cell that forms a layer of the retina and acts as light receiving media. Concerned with visual acuity and color discrimination.
Definition
Cones
Term
The colored circular membrane suspended behind the cornea and immediately in front of the lens, it regulates the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil.
Definition
Iris
Term
The white part of the eye- a tough covering which, with the cornea, forms the external protective coat of the eye.
Definition
Sclera
Term
The clear, transparent portion of the outer coat of the eyeball, forming the covering of the aqueous chamber.
Definition
Cornea
Term
Name the three types of tunics
Definition
  1. Fibrous- outer protective coat, sclera/cornea
  2. Vascular- uveal tract, iris/ciliary body/choroid
  3. Neural-retina
Term
Inner most coat of the eye, formed of sensitive nerve elements, and connected with the optical nerve.
Definition

Retina

Term
Where do the optic nerves cross?
Definition
Optic Chiasma
Term
Where do the optic nerve fibers end and are then transmitted to the visual cortex?
Definition
Lateral Geniculate Body
Term
The portion of the vascular coat between the iris and the choroid, it consists of ciliary processes and the ciliary muscle.
Definition
Ciliary Body
Term
What is Oculus Uterque?
Definition
O.U.- Both Eyes
Term
How thick is the cornea?
Definition
.5mm thick at its center
Term
How many Rods and Cones are in the retina?
Definition

120 millions rods

60 million cones

Term
The suspensory apparatus of the lens: Numerous fine tissue strands that stretch from the ciliary processes to the lens equator and support the lens in place.
Definition
Suspensory ligaments
Term
The ciliary muscle relaxes allowing for a thickening of the crystalline lens. The eye converges - the pupils constrict.
Definition
Accommodation
Term
A condition in which the crystalline lens or its capsule, or both, become opaque, with consequent loss of visual acuity
Definition
Cataract
Term
An ocular disease whose primary characteristics is a sustained increase in intraocular pressure that the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function.
Definition
Glaucoma
Term
What is a floater?
Definition

An opaque spot floating in the vitreous humor. Gel-like substance, vitreous can detach itself from the cornea and cause floaters.

 

Term

Consists of Iris, Ciliary Body, Choroid.

Definition
Uveal Track/Vascular Tunic
Term
A small depression in the retina at the back of eye, the part of the macula adapted for most acute vision.
Definition
Fovea
Term
The 2nd cranial nerve that forms a link in the visual pathway. It carries impulses from the retina to the brain.
Definition
Optic Nerve
Term
Central opening of the iris, through which light is permitted to enter the eye.
Definition
Pupil
Term
The vascular intermediate coat between the retina and sclera that furnishes nourishment to the retina
Definition

Choroid

Term
An area of partial or complete blindness surrounded by relatively normal visual field.
Definition
Scotoma
Term
Lines of sight of the two eyes are not directed towards the same fixation point
Definition
Strabismus
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