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A&P Muscle Tissue Review Sheet
Forsberg
60
Anatomy
10th Grade
01/30/2012

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Term
Actin
Definition
A contractile protien of think myofilaments (muscle)
Term
Myosin
Definition
One of the thick principal contractile protiens found in muscle
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
A rod shaped protein found on actin that helps to stiffen it and is used during muscle contraction
Term
Troponin
Definition
A second protein found on actin composed of three polypeptides and used in contraction
Term
Epimysium
Definition
A sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
Term
Perimysium
Definition
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Thin connective tissue investing each musle cell
Term
Tendon
Definition
Cords of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
A flat, broad fibrous sheet of tissue connecting a muscle to bone or cartilage
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
The region of a myofibril between two successibe Z-lines; smallest contractile unit of a muscle cell
Term
What are some charactertistics of a muscle?
Definition

Muscle cells are elongated.

All muscles share some information.

Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments.

Term
Myo
Definition
muscle
Term
mys
Definition
muscle
Term
sacro
Definition
flesh
Term
Characteristics of skeletal muscle 5
Definition

attached by tendons to bones

cells are multinucleate

striated (have visible bands)

voluntary

cylindrical

Term
what two muscles are uninucleate
Definition
cardiac and smooth
Term
characteristics of cardiac muscle 7
Definition

walls of the heart

uninucleate

involuntary

striated

intercalated discs

branching

figure 8

Term
characteristics of smooth muscle 6
Definition

walls of hollow organs

single

uninucleate

no striations

involuntary

spindle shaped

Term
Fascia
Definition
connective tissue used to cover and seperate muscles.
Term
What are the sequence of the fascia?
Definition

Endomysium

Perimysium

epimysium

fascia(outside of the epimysium)

Term
List the 4 functions of muscle tissue
Definition

produce movement

maintain posture

stablilize joints

generate heat

Term
Producing movements
Definition

all movements result from muscle contraction

all skeletal muscles are responsible for all locomotion,

they enable us to respond quickly to changes in the environment

smooth muscles force fluids out of our body

Term
maintaining posture
Definition
skeletal muscles help us maintain an erect or seated posture despite gravity.
Term
stablizing joints
Definition
as the skeletal muscles pull on bones to create movements, they also stablize the joints of the skeleton.
Term
generating heat
Definition
cause is by-product of muscle activity. nearly 3/4 of atp escapes as heat
Term
List 7 criteria in naming muscles
Definition

Direction of the muscle fibers.

relative size of the muscle.

location of themuscle.

number of origins.

shape of the muscle.

location of the muscle's orgin and insertion.

action of the muscle

Term

Direction of the muscle fibers.

 

Definition
named in reference to the midline of the body or long axs of a limb bone for example, rectus/oblique/transverse
Term

relative size of the muscle

Definition
the size of the muscle. ex. maximus (largest) minimus (smallest) and longus (long)
Term

location of the muscle.

Definition
named for the bone with which they are associated with. ex. the temporalis and frontalis muscles overlie the temporal and frontal bones of the skull
Term

number of origins.

 

Definition

ex. biceps/triceps

one can assume the muscle has three or two origins.

Term

location of the muscle's orgin and insertion.

 

Definition
muscles are named for their attachment sites, for ex, the sternocleidomastoid muscle 
Term

shape of the muscle.

 

Definition
some muscles have a distinctive shape that helps to identify them. for ex. deltoid muscle (triangular)
Term
action of the muscle
Definition
terms such as flexor, extensor, and adductor appear in their names.
Term
What causes the regular striations in muscle tissue?
Definition

 

Myofibrils (bundles of myofilaments) are aligned to give distinct bands. I band (light) A band = dark band

Term
Synergist
Definition

help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements.

ex. you can make a fist w/o bending you wrist.

Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
A specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell
Term
Motor unit
Definition
A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
Term
Cross bridge
Definition
Myosin heads link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction
Term
Acetylecholine
Definition
A chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings
Term
Muscle fatigue
Definition
When a muscle is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated w/o rest, the  uscle begins to tire. muscle tension drops to zero
Term
Fixator
Definition
Specialized synergists. They hold a bone still or stablize the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the insertion bone. es. the postural muscles that stablize the vertebral column are fixators.
Term
Prime mover
Definition
The muscle that has the major responsibility for cauing a particular movement
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscles that oppose the prime mover. when a prime mover is active, its antagonist is strecthed and relaxed. ex. biceps of the arm (prime mover of elbow flexion) is antagonzied by the triceps (a prime mover of elbow extension).
Term
agonist
Definition
  1. A substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor.
  2. A muscle whose contraction moves a part of the body directly.
Term
Insertion of a muscle
Definition
Attached to the movable bone, and when the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin.
Term
origin of a muscle
Definition
attached to the immovable or less movable bone.
Term
hamstring                                           
Definition

(semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius,

soleus) flex knee and extend hip

origin:ischial tuberosity

insertion: proximal tibia

Term
orbicularis oris
Definition

origin: mandible and maxilla

insertion: skin and muscle around mouth

action: closes and protrudes lips

Term
deltoid
Definition

origin: scapular spine and clavicle 

insertion: humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

abducts humerus

Term
iliopsoas
Definition

origin: ilum and lumbar vertebrae.

insertion: femur

flexes hip

Term
Rectus femoris
Definition

origin: pelvis

insertion: tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament

extend knee and flexes hip on thigh

Term
triceps brachii
Definition

origin:shoulder girdle and proximal humerus

insertion: olecranon process of ulna

extends elbow

Term
steps in muscle contraction
Definition

1) Neuron action potential arrives at end of motor neuron

2) ACH is released 3) ACh binds to receptors on motor end plate 4) Permeability of sarcolemma changes (Na rushes in)(an action potential is produced) 5) Muscle action potential sweeps into the T tubules triggering 6) release of Ca from the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum 7) CA binds to troponin 8) Troponin changes shape and shifts tropomyosin to expose binding sites of actin 9) myosin binds to actin (cross bridge is formend)(ADP released from myosin) 10) Myosin head pivots (pulling actin) 11) Myosin releases from actin (cross bridge is broken)(another ATP binds to myosin) 12) Myosin re-extends into "ready" position (ATP->ADP+Pi)(ADP is bound to myosin) [image]

Term
events in muscle relaxation
Definition

Stimulation from CNS

·Ca sequestered in SR

·Tropomyosin shifts to cover binding side

·Cross-bridge broken

·No force production

Term
Aerobic respiration
Definition
occurs in the mitochondria and uses oxygen. glucose is broken down completely  to carbon dioxide and water. fairly slow. 36 atp per 1 glucose
Term
three ways muscle cells replenish their atp supplies
Definition

aerobic respiration

anaerobic glycosis and lactic acid formation

direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate

Term
anaerobic glycosis and lactic acid formation
Definition
occurs via a pathway called glycosis that does not use oxygen
Term
direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
Definition
only found in muscle fibers. as ATP is being depleted, interactions between CP and ADP result in transfers of high-energy phosphate group from CP to ADP, thus regenerating more ATP in a fraction of a second.
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