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A&P LECTURE EXAM 1
TCC- Dr. Steiner Summer 2012
179
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/24/2012

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Term
Integumentary Organs
Definition
skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
Term
Integumentary Functions
Definition
Protects against environmental hazards.

Helpds regulate body temp

Provides sensory info.
Term
Skeletal Organs
Definition
bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow
Term
Skeletal Functions
Definition
Provides supprt and protection for other tissues

Stores calcium and other mineral

Forms blood cells
Term
Muscular Organs
Definition
Skeletal muscles and associate tendons
Term
Muscular Functions
Definition
Provides movement

Provides protection and support for other tissues

Generates heat that maintains body temp
Term
Nervous System Organs
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Term
Nervous System Function
Definition
Directs immediate responses to stimuli

Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
Term
Endocrine System Organs
Definition
pituitary gland

thyroid gland

pancreas

adrenal glands

gonads

endocrine tissues in other systems
Term
Endocrine System Functions
Definition
Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body

Controls many structural and functional changes during development
Term
Cardiovascular System Organs
Definition
heart

blood

blood vessels
Term
Cardiovascular System Functions
Definition
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
Term
Lymphatic System Organs
Definition
Spleen

Thymus

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph Nodes

Tonsils
Term
Lymphatic System Functions
Definition
Defends against infection and disease

Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
Term
Respiratory System Organs
Definition
Nasal cavities

Sinuses

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Alveoli
Term
Respiratory System Functions
Definition
Delivers air to alveoli
(site where gas exchange occurs in lungs)

Provides oxygen to bloodstream

Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

Produces sounds for communication
Term
Digestive System Organs
Definition
Teeth

Tongue

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas
Term
Digestive System Function
Definition
Processes and digests food

Absorbs and conserves water

Absorbs nutrients

Stores energy reserves
Term
Urinary System Organs
Definition
Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra
Term
Urinary System Functions
Definition
Excretes wastes from blood

Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Term
Male Reproductive System Organs
Definition
Testes

Epididymides

Ductus deferentia

Seminal Vesicles

Prostate Gland

Penis

Scrotum
Term
Male Reproductive System Function
Definition
Produces male sex cells (sperm) suspending fluids, and hormones
Term
Female Reproductive System Organs
Definition
Ovaries

Uterine Tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Labia

Clitoris

Mammary Glands
Term
Female Reproductive System Functions
Definition
Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

Provides milk to nourish newborn baby
Term
The 6 Organization Levels
Definition
Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism
Term
6 Levels of Organization
Definition
Chemical Level- smallest stable units of matter combine to form molecules with complex shapes.

Cells are grouped together to form tissues

Tissues are grouped together to form organs

Organs work together with Organ Systems

Organ Systems are included in the total organism
Term
Total Body Water Images
Definition
[image]
Term
Simplified Human Body Image
Definition
[image]
Term
Total Body Water (TBW)
Definition
Total volume of fluid enclosed within the outer epithelial layer
Term
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Definition
Fluid located inside the cells.

2/3 of TBW

Potassium higher
Term
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Definition
aka Internal Environment

fluid located outside the cells.

1/3 of TBW

20% of ECF is found in the blood

Sodium higher
Term
Plasma
Definition
the liquid, noncellular part of the blood.

Rich in protein

20% of ECF
Term
Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
Definition
Portion that the present outside the blood and that bathes most of the cells in the body.

80% of ECF.

Maintains comfortable environment for cells.

Outside the body for the digestion and respiration
Term
Neurons/ Nervous Tissue
Definition
send electrical signals are the body via the spinal cord and nervous system.
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
They contract and allow body to move.

Found in heart to move blood around (cardiac muscle)

allow sitting, walking (skeletal muscle)

lining of GI tract, moving stuff along (smooth muscle)
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Continuous sheet like layers of cells, form layers under skin.
Barrier, protective, absorption and secretion.

Line digestive tract.

Allow air passage into lungs but not diseases
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Includes blood cells.

Provide support for other structures.

Padding under the skin.

Ex adipose tissue
Term
Tissue
Definition
Is a collection of cells that form same functions
Term
Receptor
Definition
a sensor that receives information and measure the level
Term
Control Center
Definition
integration center that processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands to effectors
Term
Effector
Definition
cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
maintainance of stable internal environment.

Needs a sensor to detect change.

Integration center to interpret information and generate a response.

An effector to produce the compensatory response.
Term
Compensatory Responses
Definition
require muscle activity, behavioral changes of chemical messengers such as hormones.
Term
Components/Variables regulated by Homeostasis:
Definition
body temp,
water levels,
blood pressure,
glucose,
electrolytes,
heart rate,
breathing rate,
blood oxygen
Term
Negative Feedback Loop
Definition
mare variable in the direction opposite to the orginal change
Term
Negative Feedback Loop Image
Definition
[image]
Term
Set Point
Definition
normal/homeostatic level
Term
Blood Glucose Level
Definition
mediated by endocrine system (hormone insulin). Beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin
Term
Nervous system also able to do _____ ______ _____
Definition
negative feedback loops
Term
Afferent
Definition
receptor to the brain/control center
Term
Efferent
Definition
brain to effector
Term
Diabetes I
Definition
juvenile

no longer produce insulin
Term
Diabetes II
Definition
more common

produce insulin, but target cells unable to recognize the insulin .

People that are older, overweight, smokers, etc have high risk of getting this.
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
number of protons
Term
Atomic Weight/Mass
Definition
protons & neutrons
Term
Elements
Definition
in the same column have similar properties.

Differ in the number of protons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
same protons but differ in the number of neutrons. Weight will be the main difference.
Term
Atomic Structure Affects......
Definition
interaction between atoms by how many electrons are in the outer shell.

All elements in the 7th column are very highly reactive.
Term
Periodic Table
Definition
+1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1
Term
Physical Properties
Definition
state at room temperature, boiling point, color, density
Term
Chemical Properties
Definition
the way elements interact with other elements (reactivity)
Term
Electrons
Definition
negatively charged (-1)

Mass: 00055 amu.

Located within the orbitals
Term
Neutrons
Definition
neutral charged (0)

Mass: 1 amu.

Located in the nucleus
Term
Protons
Definition
positively charged (+1)

Mass: 1 amu.

Located in the nucleus
Term
AMU
Definition
atomic mass number/unit
Term
Energy Level (Shells)
Definition
maximum number of electrons in the shells: 2 8 18
2e- 8 e- 18e-
Term
Ions
Definition
charged atoms that have either lost or gained electrons.
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
chemical bond created by the attraction between cation and anion
Term
Anion
Definition
negatively charged (gain)
Term
Cation
Definition
positively charged (lose)
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
share electrons
Term
Single Bond
Definition
H --- H
Term
Polar Covalent Bond
Definition
electrons are unequally shared

Oxygen has a delta – charge

Hydrogen has a delta + charge
Term
Hydrogen Bond
Definition
two slightly charged ion attracted to each other.

Found in DNA and secondary structure
Term
Organic Compounds
Definition
Hydrogen or carbon

C & H containing molecules

Carbon forms 4 hydrogen bonds

Carbon bonds with itself, N, O, H, and S.
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Term
Biomolecules
Definition
organic molecules synthesized by living organisms.
Term
Water is a _____ _______
Definition
Polar Molecule

Oxygen has a delta – charge

hydrogen has a delta + charge
Term
Polar Molecule
Definition
opposite charges attract.

Can dissolve in H2O
Term
Water molecules are connected by _________ _____
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
weak but strong in many numbers
Term
Water is a great......
Definition
solvent for ionic and polar solutes.
Term
Solutions
Definition
mixture consisting of a solute that is dissolved in another substance
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
afraid of the water.

Fatty Acids (Lipids).

Example is Oil (has long chains)

Non-polar*
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
attracted to the water molecules .

They form a protective barrier to keep the hydrophobic from being near the water.
Term
Glucose is .....
Definition
polar

Contains special O --- H group, by polar bond.
Term
_______ the Molarity the ________ the concentration*
Definition
Larger


Larger
Term
Liquid
Definition
Occupies a definite volume but conforms to the shape of its container
Term
Solid
Definition
definite shape and volume
Term
Gas
Definition
conforms to the shape and volume of its container
Term
Acid
Definition
from 6-1

From milk to hydrochloric acid.

Most acidic is 1
Term
Basic/Bases
Definition
8-14

From bleach to oven cleaner
Term
pH
Definition
way of representing concentration.

7 is neutral (water)
Term
Buffer
Definition
helps stabilize the pH
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
carbon and water-containing (hydrated) Hydroxyl groups.

Includes 3:
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

Ex. Glucose
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars

Smallest molecules that is a carbohydrate
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
formed from 2 Monosaccharides.

Ex. Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
formed from many repeating Monosaccharides.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
glucose storage molecule,
found in liver and skeletal system.

With glycogen in the liver is able to have good blood glucose levels.

Glycogen is a repeating glucose monomer to create the whole molecule.

Glucose needed to synthesize ATP
Term
Lipids
Definition
mostly C & H.

Held together by neutral covalent bonds (non polar)

Containing long carbon chains

Including: Fatty Acid, Triglycerides, Phospholipds,

Eicosanoids, Steroids
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
long carbon hydrogen chain (14-16 long).

Makes up saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Term
Saturated fatty acid
Definition
Single carbon bond.

Solid at room temp.

Ex. Lard.
Term
Unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
double carbon bond.

Liquid at room temp.

Ex. Oil
Term
_____ ____ are liquid at room temperature
Definition
Double Bonds
Term
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Definition
2 or more double bonds
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
form fatty tissues that are stored in the body

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Cannot dissolve in water

Amphipathic
Term
Phospholipds-
Definition
amphipathic

Have phosphorus containing head which is charged and attracted to water

Backbone for all membranes in the body

Form spheres when together thus protecting hydrophobic tails.
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
having hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head.
Term
Eicosanoids
Definition
modified fatty acid

Important for intercellular communication

Ex. Prostalandins

Lipid
Term
Steroids
Definition
lipid

4 ring like structure

C --- H

Ex. Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen.
Term
Protein
Definition
Critical for every physiological process

C, H, O, N- predominant atoms

Subunits are called amino acids

Amino Acids bond to one another to form polymers

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Ex. Myacin, Actin
Term
Polymer
Definition
many items linked together

Ex. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose
Term
Subunits
Definition
are either the same as each other or similar to each other
Term
Molecular Structure of an Amino Acid
Definition
All consist of central carbon

All have carboxyl group (-COOH)

All have amino group (-NH2)

Includes: Nonpolar, Polar, Acidic, Basic

R group is the group that varies
Term
Example of Amino Acid
Definition
Nonpolar Amino Acid- Alanine

Polar Amino Acid- Tyrosine

Acidic Amino Acid- Glutmate

Basic Amino Acid- Lysine
Term
R Group
Definition
defines the characteristics of amino acid group.

Either polar or nonpolar

Affects behavior of the amino acid group

Determines how the protein functions
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
Linear chain of amino acids

structure determines function

Structure different in all proteins
Term
Amino Acids are held together by ________ _____
Definition
peptide bonds
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
hydrogen bonding along bonding often produces this arrangement.

Hydrogen bonds are formed between adjacent amino acid bonds.

These hydrogen bonds are between –NH2 and –COOH

Alpha Helix and Beta Pleated Sheets are in secondary structure
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
folds to form final 3D shape via interactions between the R groups.

For many this is the final stage
Term
Globular Protein
Definition
round hormone/protein
Term
Quaternary Structure
Definition
not all protein go to this structure

Ex. Hemoglobin
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
made up of DNA & RNA (polymers), Building Blocks, & ATP
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
polymers that make up the nucleic acids
Term
Nucleotide Structure
Definition
5 carbon sugar

Phosphate group

Base ( what makes it unique)
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic Acid.

A – T
C – G

Adenine
Thymine

Cytosine
Guanine

Two strands of nucleotides bind together to form a DNA molecule

DNA is held together by hydrogen bonds

2 strand coiled to form a double helix
Sugar and phosphate backbone
Term
Genes
Definition
sequences of DNA
Term
DNA is held together by _________ _____
Definition
hydrogen bonds
Term
Sequence of bases
Definition
AT & CG
Term
Law of Complimentary Base Pair
Definition
A –T

C – G
Term
Nucleotides are ________ for DNA
Definition
subunits
Term
What does a gene code for?
Definition
Protein (sequence of Amino Acids)
Term
RNA
Definition
ribonucleic Acid

Single stranded

A – U

C – G

Adenine
Uracil

Cytosine
Guanine
Term
Ribose
Definition
5 carbon sugar, base, and phosphate
Term
ATP
Definition
high energy storage molecules

Generated by cellular respiration
Term
Building Block Elements
Definition
99% of the body

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen
Term
Macro Elements
Definition
sodium, mag, calcium, potassium, iron
Term
K+ _____ ICF inside and ECF _____ outside.
Definition
higher


lower
Term
Na+ _____ inside and _____ outside
Definition
lower

higher
Term
Ca 2+ ____ inside ____ outside
Definition
low

high
Term
Cl- _____ inside and _____ outside
Definition
low

very high
Term
Glucose is ____ inside and ____ outside
Definition
low


high
Term
Protein is _____ inside and _____ outside.
Definition
High

Lower
Term
Nucleus
Definition
contains chromatin and nucleolus

Transcription DNA → RNA
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
assembles ribosomes
Term
Chromatin
Definition

location of DNA (genes)

 

provides genetic regulation of the cell

Term
Nuclear Envelope/Layer
Definition
double layer of membrane, outer boundary of nucleus
Term
Nuclear Pore
Definition
allows materials to move between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
Term
Cell Membrane/Wall
Definition
allows materials to go from the exterior of the cell to inside the cytoplasm and vice versa

Selective permeability
Term
Reticulum
Definition
membrane bound
Term
Rough ER
Definition
synthesis and packaging of protein
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
Packaging of carbs/lipids

Drug detox

Calcium Storage
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
site of protein synthesis,

10 million in cell,

free floating or on Rough ER,

made up of rRNA and protein
Term
Centriole/Centrosome
Definition
produce symptoms of microtubules like cytoskeleton and spindle apparatus

Make pole for chromosome to pull on
Term
Golgi Body
Definition
Membrane bound organelle

final assembly of complex materials

Packaging of materials for secretion
Term
Proteins May:
Definition
Be secreted from cell

Incorporated into plasma membrane

Become lysosomes

Transported to other organelles
Term
Secretory Vesicles
Definition
export materials via exocytosis

Fuse to membrane
Term
Lysosome
Definition
intraceullary digestion of large organic molecules into their simpler components, very acidic
Term
Peroxisome
Definition
detoxify metabolic toxin like alcohols and hydrogen peroxide
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
site of aerobic steps of cellular respiration
Break down glucose to ATP
Term
Mitochondria Image
Definition
[image]
Term
Protein Structure Image
Definition
[image]
Term
Cytosol
Definition
many metabolic reactions and maintains spatial relationships in the cell
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
structure and support
Term
Microfilament
Definition
filament made up of actin

Cytoskeleton filament
Term
Actin
Definition
Protein subunit

Cell movement

Structure and Support

Found Throughout the Cell

Phagocytosis

Move things by microfilaments
Term
Macrophages
Definition
eat other cells by phagocytosis (apoptosis)
Term
MIcrotubules
Definition
found in spindle fibers for chromosome movement
Movement of vesicles on a road
Term
Cell to Cell Adhesions
Definition
Tight junctions

Found in epithelial tissue

Desmosomes (heart, uterus, skin)

Gap Junctions (hearts)
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
found in the small intestine

Allow cells to come together

Sealing the gap
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Found in the heart

Heart cells attached together by these

Resistant to mechanical stress
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
provide gap between two adjacent cells

Tiny holes that make passage between 2 cells connecting the cytosol

Allows group of heart cells to contract at the SAME TIME (unified)

Ions can trigger cell contraction through the gap
Term
Fluid Mosaic model
Definition
Model for membrane structure.

All components of phospholipid bilayer and
Glycoprotein, glycolipids, cholesterol, lipids
Term
Proteins can move around with fluid like movement
This is allowed by __________ (fluidity)
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Glycolipid
Definition
carbs – lipid
Term
Glycoprotein
Definition
carbs – protein
Term
Membrane Carbohydrates
Definition
carbs extends outside the cell, Both glycoprotein and glycolipids great an ID for the cell.
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
protective layer for cell
Term
Proteins in the cell membrane
Definition
various functions, channel, communication, etc.
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