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A&P Lab Practical 3
Meiosis and the Reproductive System
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2012

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Term
Gonads
Definition
Testes and ovaries
The essential organs of reproduction
Term
Testes
Definition
The primary reproductive organs of the male
Exocrine function: sperm production
Endocrine function: testosterone production
Term
Parts of the male reproductive system
Definition
Scrotum (houses testes), epididymis, bulbourethral gland, prostate, ureter, urinary bladder, bulb of penis, corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, glans penis, prepuce
Ductus (vas) deferens -> ampulla of ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> prostatic urethra -> membranous urethra -> spongy urethra -> external urethral orifice
Term
Ejaculation
Definition
Contraction of the ejaculatory duct propels the sperm through the prostate to the prostatic urethra, which empties into the membranous urethra and then the spongy urethra, which extends to the exterior of the penis
Term
Vasectomy
Definition
A small incision is made in each side of the scrotum, and each ductus deferens is cut through or tied
Male sterilization
Term
Accessory glands
Definition
The prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands
Produce seminal fluid
Term
Bulbourethral glands
Definition
Inferior to prostate
Produce alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra
Neutralizes urine and acts as a buffer against the acidity of the vaginal
Term
Seminal vesicles
Definition
Produce most of the seminal fluid
Just behind the bladder
Fructose-containing fluid to nourish sperm
Term
Prostate
Definition
Encircles the urethra
Secretes a milky fluid that helps activate the sperm
Term
Semen
Definition
Sperm plus seminal fluid
Term
Erection
Definition
Penis becomes rigid and enlarged
Paired corpora cavernosa and single corpus spongiosum engorge with blood
Term
Testis structure
Definition
Covered by tunica albuginea
Extension of this divide the testis into lobes, each of which houses 1-4 seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules converge to empty sperm into rete testis, through which they travel to the epididymis
Interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules
Term
Interstitial cells
Definition
Between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone
Term
Ovaries
Definition
Primary reproductive organs of the female
Exocrine function: produce eggs
Endocrine function: produce estrogens and progesterone
Term
External genitalia
Definition
Vulva
Consists of the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora
Labia minora encloses the vestibule, which contains the clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, hymen, and greater vestibular glands
Term
Internal organs
Definition
Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and ligaments and supporting structures
Term
Uterus
Definition
Narrow end = cervix
Major portion = body
Top = fundus
Lining = endometrium
Houses the implanted fertilized egg
Term
Endometrium
Definition
Thick mucosal lining of uterus
Superficial functional layer (sloughed off in menstruation)
Deeper basal layer (forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends)
Term
Fallopian tubes
Definition
Enter the superolateral region of the uterus and extend laterally toward ovaries
Distal ends are funnel-shaped with fingerlike projections called fimbriae
No actual contact with the ovaries
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Broad ligament, including the mesometrium, mesosalpinx, and mesovarium
Round ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments'Ovarian legaments
Suspensory ligmantes
Term
Ovulation
Definition
Egg developing within follicle reaches the appropriate stage of maturity
Ejected from the ovary (ovulation)
Ruptured follicle is converted to corpus luteum
Term
Corpus luteum
Definition
Made from ruptured follicle, becomes another endocrine gland
Secretes progesterone and estrogens
A solid glandular structure or strucutre containing scalloped lumen that develops from the ruptured follicle
Term
Mammary glands
Definition
Glands within the breasts in both sexes, but have a reproduction-related function only in females
Function: to produce milk to nourish infant
Term
Parts of the mammary glands
Definition
Areola, nipple (externally)
15-25 lobes which radiate around the nipple and are separated by fibrous CT and adipose tissue
Lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli, lactiferous ducts, and lactiferous sinus
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Glands in the lobules of the mammary glands that produce milk during lactation
Pass the milk through lactiferous ducts into the lactiferous sinus, which opens at the nipple
Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
Human sperm production
Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Spermatogonia divide extensively, and at puberty FSH prompts specialization
Spermatogonia --(mitosis)--> [1 spermatogonium and] 1 primary spermatocyte --(meiosis I)--> secondary spermatocytes --(meiosis II)--> spermatids --(spermiogenesis)--> sperm
Term
Spermiogenesis
Definition
Process that follows meiosis in spermatogenesis, stripping away the extraneous cytoplasm from the spermatid and converting it to a motile sperm
Term
Sustentacular cells
Definition
Elongated cells that contain spermatids in the seminiferous tubules, and nourish them
Term
Parts of a sperm
Definition
Acrosome, head, midpiece, tail
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
Female gamete formation, which occurs in the ovary
Oogonia in the fetal ovarian cortices --(mitosis)--> primary oocyte in childhood arrested in prophase I--(meiosis I)--> secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II --(ovulation and sperm penetration, and thus meiosis II)--> ovum
Term
Follicle
Definition
Contains immature ova, encasing it with one or more layers of follicle cells (one layer) or granulosa cells (multiple layers)
Term
Germinal epithelium
Definition
Outermost layer of the ovary
Term
Primary follicle
Definition
One or several layers of cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the larger central developing ovum
Term
Secondary follicles (growing)
Definition
Consist of several layers of follicle (granulosa) cells surrounding the central ovum, accumulation and antrum (central cavity) formation
Term
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
Definition
Follicle has a large antrum
Developing secondary oocyte is pushed to one side of the follicle and is surrounded by the corona radiata (which will follow it into the uterine tubes)
Theca folliculi (CT stoma forming a capsule adjacent to the mature follicle) encloses the follicle
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