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A/P I: Unit III: Endocrine Function
Organization, regulation, function
19
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/02/2009

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Term
Major regulatory system of the body
Definition
Endocrine system
Term
Bridge between the endocrine system and the nervous system
Definition
Hypothalamus and pituitary
Term
System that is regulated by frequency
Definition
Nervous system
Term
System that is amplitude regulated
Definition
endocrine system
Term
useable form of hormones
Definition
free hormones
Term
hormones that do not get metabolized or excreted
Definition
bound hormones
Term
Autocrine signals
Definition
released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type as the cell releasing the chemicals
Term
paracrine signals
Definition
released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood
Term
three types of hormone regulation
Definition

endocrine-endocrine

nervous-endocrine

substance-endocrine

Term
example of endocrine-endocrine regulation
Definition

Hypothalamus, Adenohypophysis, Thyroid Cycle

→ Hypothalamus releases TRH

→ TRH acts on Adenophyphysis

→ Adenohypophysis releases TSH

→ TSH acts on Thyroid

→ Thyroid releases T3 and T4

→ T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH

(negative feedback effect)

Term
example of nervous-endocrine regulation
Definition

Sympathetic response to stress/exercise

→ ANS detects stress

→ Sympathetic neurons stimulate adrenal gland

→ Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine/norepinephrine

→ After stress has passed secretion of hormones decreases

 

Term
example of substance-endocrine regulation
Definition

Insuline-glucose cycle

→ Blood glucose levels increase

→ Pancreas increases insulin secretion

→ Insulin lowers blood glucose levels

→ Lower blood glucose levels inhibits insulin secretion

→ Lower insulin levels slows glucose uptake

Term
Four ways hormones are removed from blood
Definition

Excretion

Conjugation

Metabolism

Active Transport

Term
How kidneys and liver process hormones
Definition

Excretion

Conjugation - liver only

Term
Excretion
Definition
Removal of hormones from blood stream by using urine or bile. Used by kidneys and liver.
Term
Conjugation
Definition

Attachment of water soluble molecules to a hormone, such as sulfate or glucuronic acid, thereby inactivating the hormone and increasing its excretion rate by liver and kidney.

 

Liver is active in conjugation.

Term
Metabolism of hormones
Definition
Enzymatic degradation of protein hormones into amino acids to either be recycled or excreted into urine or bile.
Term
Active transport of hormones
Definition
When some hormones are actively transported into cells to be recycled. Ex: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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