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A/P I: Unit 3 Muscle
definitions
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/04/2009

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Term
contractility
Definition
ability of a muscle to shorten with force
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle that promotes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover
Term
synergist
Definition
muscles that work together to promote a single action
Term
myoblast
Definition
where muscles cells arise, they fuse together to form multinucleated cells
Term
myofibril
Definition
bundles of protein filaments that make up a muscle fiber
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Endoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle, most of which is rough ER.
Term
sarcomere
Definition
Functional protein unit of skeletal and cardiac muscles that extend from 1 Z disk to the next.
Term
Z disk
Definition
protein structures that act at the site of attachment
Term
t-tubule
Definition
invagination in the sarcolemma that wraps around sarcomeres and transmits action potentials
Term
cross bridge
Definition
region where head of the myosin myofilament is attached to the active site of the actin myofilament
Term
muscle twitch
Definition
contraction of a muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an AP in one or more muscle fibers
Term
motor unit
Definition
area within a given skeletal muscle that includes a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Term
tetanus
Definition
no muscle relaxation between action potentials
Term
isotonic contraction
Definition
the amount of the tension produced by the muscle is constant but the length of the muscle changes
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
amount of tension produced by the muscle increases but the length of the muscle doesn't change
Term
concentric contraction
Definition
isotonic contraction where muscle tension remains the same but the length of the muscle shortens
Term
eccentric contraction
Definition
isotonic contraction where tension is maintained but the muscle lengthens
Term
muscle tone
Definition
constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time
Term
fatigue
Definition
decreased capacity to do work and reduced efficiency of performance
Term
physiologic contracture
Definition
lack of ATP within the muscle fibers causes the muscles to become incapable of either contracting or relaxing
Term
fast twitch fibers
Definition
respond rapidly to nervous stimulation and contain myosin to break down ATP more rapidly
Term
slow twitch fibers
Definition
Contract more slowly are smaller in diameter, but have better blood supply and more mitochondria. Are more fatigue resistant.
Term
dense bodies
Definition
organize the smooth muscle myofilaments
Term
intercalated disks
Definition
area where two cardiac muscle cells are connected that increases communication between the cells
Term
dense bodies
Definition
organize myofilaments of smooth muscle
Term
intercalated disks
Definition
invaginated ends of cardiac muscle cells where two cells connect, increases communication between cells
Term
down regulation
Definition
decrease in receptors for a specific hormone, reducing hormone response
Term
up regulation
Definition
increasing receptors to specific hormones, increasing response to hormone
Term
hormone
Definition
substance secreted by endocrine tissue into blood that acts on a target tissue to produce a specific response
Term
pheromone
Definition
chemical secreted into the environment that modifies the behavior and physiology of another person
Term
half-life
Definition
the amount of time it takes to reduce hormone concentration by 1/2
Term
neurohormone
Definition
hormone secreted by a neuron
Term
goiter
Definition
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Term
acromegaly
Definition
excess growth hormone which causes enlargement of the body tissues
Term
cascade effect
Definition
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