Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&P I- Module 1
Ch. 1-2 Key Words
91
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/11/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Definition
Has 2 parts- abdominal & pelvic cavities, which are not separated by a muscular or membrane wall
Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other.
Term
Cranial Cavity
Definition
In the skull, encases the brain
Term
Cytology
Definition
The study of cells in the body. (Ex: Pap smear)
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. (ex: the knee is distal to the thigh)
Term
Embryology
Definition
A division of Developmental Anatomy, it concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth.
Term
Frontal Plane
Definition
Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior.
Term
Histology
Definition
The study of tissue in the body. (Ex: Nerve or muscle tissue)
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of constant changes inside & outside the body. All body systems contribute, but endocrine & nervous systems are the most important.
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex: the arms are lateral to the chest)
Term
Lumbar
Definition
portion of the back between the thorax & pelvis
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex: the heart is medial to the arm)
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
contains the pericardial cavity
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Most of the homeostatic control mechanisms. The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. All negative feedback mechanisms have the same goal: preventing sudden severe changes within the body.
Term
Pelvic Cavity
Definition
lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum.
Term
Pericardial Cavity
Definition
inside the mediastinum, encloses the heart & remaining thoracic organs, i.e., esophogus, trachea, etc.
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of how body parts function. Looks at how different organ systems of the body work and looks at such processes at the cellular and molecular level.
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
divided into lateral cavities (left & right), each enveloping a lung
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
In P.F., the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. It's positive because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing an increased deviation from the original value or range.
Term
Proximal
Definition
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of a limb to the body trunk (ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
Vertical; divides the body into left & right; when divided down the middle--> midsagittal; all other divisions--> parasagittal
Term
Spinal Cavity
Definition
runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord; continuous with the cranial cavity
Term
Thoracic Cavity
Definition
Surrounded by the ribs & muscles of the chest; subdivided into the pleural cavities & the mediastinum
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
Horizontal; divides the body into superior & inferior (top & bottom); also called a cross section
Term
Visceral
Definition
pertaining to an internal organ of the body or the inner part of a structure
Term
Acid
Definition
A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor.
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; building block of protein
Term
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells.
Term
Base
Definition
A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor.
Term
Buffer
Definition
Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions.
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose.
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms.
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose
Term
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Definition
A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information.
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
Chemical substances, such as salts, acids and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
Linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat.
Term
Glycerol
Definition
A modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol); a building block of fats.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide.
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
A component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body fluids.
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles.
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules.
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles.
Term
Ion
Definition
Atom with a negative or positive electric charge. Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, and when this happens, the precise balance of + and - charges is lost so that charged particles called IONS are formed.
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms.
Term
Isotope
Definition
Variations in elements. They have the same atomic numbers (#of protons & electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they have.
Term
Lipid
Definition
Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol.
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose.
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
Class of organic molecules that includes DNA & RNA.
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
Modified lipid, contains phosphorous.
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen.
Term
Protein
Definition
Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass.
Term
Radioisotope
Definition
Isotopes which are unstable and tend to break down more spontaneously into more stable forms.
Term
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Definition
Nucleic acid that contains ibose and the bases A, G, C and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together.
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
Studying all of the body parts in a given region.
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
The study of structures large enough to be seen by the naked eye.
Term
Systematic Anatomy
Definition
The study of individual systems of the body (digestive or respiratory, for example)
Term
Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
Definition
We cannot separate anatomy and physiology because the function of a given organ reflects its structure. In other words, a given structure is "designed" to do a specific thing.
Term
Levels of Organization
Definition
Chemical--> Cellular--> Tissue--> Organ--> Systems--> Organismal
Term
Abdominal Cavity
Definition
contains the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen & other organs
Term
Serosa
Definition
the double layered membrane lining the ventral body cavity. The parietal serosa lines the cavity walls and is separated by a thin layer of fluid from the visceral serosa, which covers the body organs.
Term
Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants
Definition
Epigastric Region- above the umbilical region
Hypogastric region- beneath the umbilical region
Right & Left iliac or inguinal region- on each side of the hypogastic region
right & left lumbar region- on each side of the umbilical region
Hypochondriac region- on each side of the epigastric region
Term
Oral & Digestive Cavity
Definition
includes the mouth and the cavaties within the digestive organs
Term
Nasal Cavity
Definition
part of the respiratory system pathway
Term
Orbital Cavities
Definition
contains the eyes
Term
Middle Ear Cavities
Definition
contains the malleus, incus and stapes which transmit sound across the middle ear
Term
Synovial Cavities
Definition
enclosed within fibrous capsules and surround some of the joints of the body
Term
Matter
Definition
anything that has mass and occupies space
Term
Mass
Definition
the amount of matter an object contains
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
refers to the energy stored in chemical bonds such as in our food. When the chemical bonds in food are broke, the energy released is used for bodily processes like movement. Much of this energy is captured in the high energy bonds of adenosine triphosphate which provides energy for all of our body processes.
Term
Electrical Energy
Definition
Refers to the movement of charged particles. The nervous system uses this energy in the form of nerve impulses to send messages from one part of the body to another.
Term
Mechanical Energy
Definition
Is involved in moving matter. The heart uses mechanical energy to pump blood throughout the body.
Term
Electromagnetic energy
Definition
travels in waves and includes forms of visible light, x-rays and redio waves. Light rays strike the retina in our eyes and set up nerve impulses resulting in vision.
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in the atom.
Term
Atomic weight
Definition
The weighted average of all mass numbers of all isotopes of an element.
Term
Chemical Bonds
Definition
When atoms combine with other atoms, they are held together by chemical bonds. It's an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms, and is made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second.
Term
Forms of Energy
Definition
Chemical- in the form of ATP is the most useful form of energy in living systems because it is used to run almost all functional processes.

Electrical- results from the movement of charged particles. Nervous system uses elctrical currents (nerve impulses) to transmit messages from one part of the body to another.

Mechanical- directly involved in moving matter. (heart pumping blood)

Radient/Electomagnetic- energy that travels in waves. Include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet rays and x-rays. Used in vision.
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken.
Chemical reactions exhibit one of 3 recognizable patterns: synthesis, decomposition or exchange.
Term
Synthesis (Combination) Reaction
Definition
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. Always involves bond formation.
A + B -->AB
Synthesis is the basis of constructive, or ANABOLIC, activities in body cells, such as joining small molecules called amino acids into large protein molecules.
Term
Decomposition Reaction
Definition
Occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms:
AB--> A + B
Reverse synthesis reactions: Bonds are broken.
Decomposition reactions underlie all degradative, or CATABOLIC, processes in body cells.
Ex: Bonds of glycogen broken down to release simpler molecules of glucose sugar.
Term
Exchange (Displacement) Reaction
Definition
involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken. Parts of the reactant molecules change partners to produce different product molecules:
AB + C--> AC + B and AB + CD--> AD + CB
Occurs when ATP reacts with glucose and trans its end phosphate group to glucose, forming glucose-phosphate. At the same time, the ATP becomes ADP. This reaction occurs whenever glucose enters the body cell, trapping the glucose fuel molecule inside the cell.
Term
Oxidation-reduction Reaction
(Redox Reactions)
Definition
decomposition reactions in that they are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy, but also a special type of exchange reaction because electrons are exchanged between reactants. The reactant losing the electrons is referred to as the electron donor adn is said to be OXIDIZED. The reactant taking up the transferred electons is called the electron acceptor and is said to become REDUCED.
Term
Reversibility
Definition
All chemical reactions are REVERSIBLE, that is, they can go from reactant to products or from products to reactants.
Term
Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
Definition
1. Temperature- Increase in temp increases the kinetic energy & therefore the force & speed of collision. Reaction is faster.
2. Particle Size- small atoms or molecules move faster than larger ones and therefore collide more. More collisions= Faster reaction.
3. Concentration- if the # of reactants is high, more collisions will occur= faster reaction
4. Catalysts- substances that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy. ex: enzymes
Term
Inorganic vs. Organic
Definition
Inorganic molecules are small & include H20, salts, acids & bases.
Organic molecules always have hydrogen and carbon & are important to living cells.
Term
Biochemistry
Definition
The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter.
Term
Important Inorganic Compounds
Definition
1. Water
2. Salts
3. Acids & Bases
Term
Important Organic Compounds
Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acid (DNA)
5. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
6. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!