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A&P II Touch and Sensation
Ch. 5 and 15 , Tortora's book, 12 edition
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2011

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Cards

Term
Type of tissue in epidermis
Definition
keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium
Term
type of tissue in papillary region of dermis
Definition
Areolar CT
Term
2 types of tissues making up subcutaneous layer
Definition
Areolar, adipose
Term
skin receptor sensitive to pressure
Definition
Pacinian Corpuscle
Term
skin cells that produce fibrous protein, which protects skin from heat, microbes, chemicals, water
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
skin cells give color to skin
Definition
melanocytes
Term
pigment that protect skin DNA from UV damage
Definition
melanin
Term
structure of merkel disk
Definition
Merkel cell+sensory neuron
Term
structures in skin that are sensible to touch
Definition

1. Meissner's Corpuscle

2. Ruffini Corpuscle

3. Merkel discs

4. Hair Root Plexuses

5. Non-encapsulated free nerve endings

Term
on which type of skin are Meissner's corpuscles typically located?
Definition
hairless skin (eg. finger tips)
Term
what kind of receptors are Meissner's corp.?
Definition
Type 1  mechanoreceptors
Term
what is root hair plexus?
Definition
Root Hair Plexus = free nerve endings (dendrites) surrounding hair root. Allows sensation of touch
Term
Skin structure sensible to stretching
Definition
Ruffini Corpuscle
Term
what kind of touch do root hair plexuses sense?
Definition
light touch
Term
difference between sensation and perception
Definition

Sensation- subconscious change in internal/external environment. 

Perception- conscious

Term
the 4 sensory modalities
Definition

1. Touch

2. Pain

3. Vision

4. Hearing

Term
is touch a somatic of visceral sensation?
Definition
Somatic
Term
What structure can serve as sensory receptor?
Definition

1. Specialized receptor cell

2. Dendrites of sensory neuron

Term
two structures that sense vibration. To which extent?
Definition

Meissner's - low frequency vibration

Pacinian Corp. - high freq. vibration

Term
What structure detects itch?
Definition
non encapsulated free nerve endings
Term
what structures detect tickle
Definition
free nerve endings
Term
which structures sense temperature
Definition
free nerve endings
Term
What kind of fibers transmit signals of touch, pressure, vibration
Definition
Myelinated, large diameter A fibers; fast
Term
what kind of fibers transmit impulses for itch and tickle?
Definition
unmyelinated, slow, C fibers
Term
which fibers transmit sensation of cold
Definition
myelinated A fibers
Term
Fibers that transmit signals for warmth
Definition
unmyelinated C fibers (in dermis)
Term
receptors for pain
Definition
Nociceptors: free nerve endings
Term
which somatic sensations are fast adaptive?
Definition
touch, temperature
Term
which bone do olfactory nerves go through, on their way to the brain
Definition
Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Term
Which special senses trigger limbic system?
Definition
Olfaction, taste
Term
which structure picks up sense of olfaction
Definition
the Olfactory Receptor cells, which are the first-order-neurons
Term
what type of receptors are olfactory receptor cells
Definition
chemoreceptors
Term
which cells replace olfactory receptor cells in their development?
Definition
basal cells
Term
what is transduction of stimulus
Definition
Converstion of energy in a stimulus into a graded potential
Term
graded potentials occuring in sensory receptors are called
Definition
generator/receptor potentials
Term
the property through which each sensory receptor cand transduce only one kind of stimulus
Definition
selectivity
Term
4 steps in the process of sensation (at the nervous level)
Definition

1. Stimulation of the particular receptor (which is selective)

2. Transduction of stimulus (issue of receptor potential)

3. Generation of nerve impulse (generator potential reaches threshold)

4. Integration of sensory imput

Term
what is the sensory receptor for pain
Definition
free dendrite of first order neuron
Term
what are the sensory receptors for vibration 
Definition
encapsulated nerve endings (Pacinian corpuscles)
Term
what are the sensory receptors for thermal sensations
Definition
free nerve endings of 1st order neuron
Term
sensory receptor for tickle and itch
Definition
free nerve endings of 1st order (sensory) neuron
Term
sensory receptors for hearing
Definition
hair cells
Term
sensory receptors for taste
Definition
gustatory receptor cells (separate cells; not part of 1st order neuron)
Term
sensory receptors for vision
Definition
photoreceptors
Term
sensory receptors for olfaction
Definition
1st order neuron!!! (unlike other special senses, which have specialized cells as receptors)
Term
in which structure are generator potentials produced
Definition

in 1. dendrites of free nerve endings

2. encapsulated nerve endings

3. receptive part of olfactory receptors

 

Term
in which structures are receptor potentials produced
Definition
in the specialized receptor cells (gustatory, photoreceptors, etc. )
Term
How do specialized receptor cells communicate with 1st order neurons
Definition
through exocytosis of synaptic vessicles which contain NT
Term
based on the type of stimulus, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing and equilibrium are what kind of receptors?
Definition
mechanoreceptors
Term
what type of receptors are smell and taste
Definition
chemical receptors
Term
is touch rapidly or slowly adaptive?
Definition
rapidly
Term
is pressure rapidly or slowly adapting?
Definition
rapidly
Term
is chemical composition of blood a slowly or rapidly adapting sensation
Definition
slow
Term
pain felt further from the stimulated area (eg. heart attack and arm pain)
Definition
referred pain
Term
why does referred pain occur? why does arm hurt in heart attack?
Definition
Area where pain is felt and the area of visceral pain are served by same section of spinal cord
Term
where are proprioceptors located
Definition
in muscles and tendons
Term
three types of proprioceptors
Definition

1. muscle spindles

2. tendon organs

3. joint kinesthetic receptors (synovial joints)

Term
areas in the brain where olfactory nerves terminate
Definition
Olfactory bulbs
Term
what is Olfactory tract made of
Definition
axons of olfactory bulb neurons
Term
in which area of the brain and in which lobe are olfactory impulses processed?
Definition
Primary olfactory area: Temporal lobe
Term
2 areas of the brain where axons of olfactory tract might go to
Definition

1. hypothalamus

2. limbi system

Term
the only sensations that do not synapse in thalamus
Definition
olfactory sensations
Term
what is the first order neuron in olfaction
Definition
olfactory nerve/ olfactory receptor
Term
2nd order neurons in olfaction?
Definition
olfactory bulb neurons
Term
conversion of stimulus energy into graded potential is called....
Definition
transduction
Term
In what structures does transduction occur in the process of olfaction?
Definition
olfactory hairs of olfactory receptors
Term
which cells provide electrical insulation for the olfactory receptors?
Definition
supporting cells
Term
how do 1st order neurons in olfaction get replaced?
Definition
basal cells replace olfactory receptors
Term
which structures produce mucus in olfaction?
Definition
Bowman's glands
Term
Which bone (specifically) do olfactory nerves pass through?
Definition
cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Term
which cranial nerve innervates olfactory glands and lacrimal glands?
Definition
Cr. nerve VII (facial)
Term
Where are olfactory receptor proteins located?
Definition
On plasma membranes of olfactory hairs
Term
how many odors can be recognized?
Definition
about 10,000
Term
What does it mean that olfaction has a low threshold?
Definition
Even only a few molecules in the air can be detected as odor
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