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salivary glands in the mouth, breaks down carbohydrates(starches + sugars) or polysaccharides into disaccharides(maltose) and trisaccharides(maltotriose) and shorter glucose chains or a-dextrins works if you keep in for long enough |
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| glands in tounge release, breaks down triglycerides(fats and oils) into fatty acids and diglycerides, not very active in the mouth, more so in stomach |
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activated from pepsinogen by HCL,first enyme that begins protein digestion, in stomach cells (chief/zymogenic) breaks down proteins into peptides |
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| secreted from stomach cells(chief/zymogenic) breaks down short chain triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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| gastric juice consists of : |
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| pepsin, gastric lipase, HCL |
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| secreted by pancreatic acinar cells, breaks down starches(polysaccharides) into maltose,maltotriose, and dextrins(disaccharides,trisaccharides, and shorter glucose chains) |
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| activated by trypsinogen by enterokinase, secreated by pancreatic acinar cells, inactive in pancreas activeated in small intestine, breaks down proteins into peptides |
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| activated from chymotrypsinogen by trypsin, secreted inactive form by pancreatic acinar cells, breaks down proteins to peptides |
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| activated by proelastase by trypsin, secreted inactive form by acinar cells in pancreas, breaks down proteins to peptides. |
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| activated from procarboxypeptidase by trypsin, inactive form secreted by acinar cells in pancreas, breaks down terminal amino acid at carboxyl (acid) end of peptides products are peptides and amino acids |
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| secreted by pancreatic acinar cells, breaks down triglycerides(fats and oils) that have been emulsified by bile salts to form fatty acids and monoglycerides |
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| pancreatic juice contains |
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Definition
| pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase,pancreatic lipase |
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| a-dextrins,maltase,sucrase,lactase,enterokinase,peptidases,aminopeptidase,dipeptidase,nucleosidases and phosphatases |
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| secreted by small intestine located in cell membrane of microvilli, contact digestion occurs(bumping) forms glucose from a-Dextrins |
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| brush border enzymes,located in cell membrane of microvillli, contact digestion breaks down maltose into glucose. |
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| brush border enzyme, contact digestion located in cell membrane of microvilli, sucrose turns into glucose and fructose |
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| brush border enzyme, located in cell membrane of microvilli, involved in contact digestion, turns lactose into glucose and galactose |
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| brush border, contact digestion, located in cell membrane of microvilli in small intestine turn trypsinogen into trypsin |
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a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds works after proteases |
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| contact digestion in small intestine, breaks up terminal amino acid at end of peptides to form peptides and amino acids |
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| contact digestion in small intestine, breaks up dipeptides into amino acids |
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| nucleosidases and phosphatases |
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| contact digestion in small intestine, breaks down nucleotides into nitrogenous bases, pentoses and phosphates |
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| from pancreatic acinar cells , forms nucleotides from ribonucleic acid, digests RNA |
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| nucleases: deoxyribonuclease |
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| pancreatic acinar cells, form nucleotides from deoxyribonucleic acid, digests DNA |
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| maintains pH in small intestine of 7.6-8 neutralizes chyme from stomach, pancreas secretes |
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| inactive forms of pancreatic enzymes, conerted after secretion in cavity of small intestine |
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| local hormone, produced by g-cells in gastric glands of stomach wall (mucosa)in reaction to presence of food. Causes gastric glands to increase their secretory activity, tells to produce HCL(parietal cells) also increases peristalsis |
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| cells of small intestine secrete in presence of chyme, causes glands to increase secretory activity. |
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| local hormone secreted by gastric cells, inhibits the secretion of acid by parietal cells and slows peristalsis |
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| intestinal walls secrete in response to presence of fats, inhibits secretion of acid by parietal cells |
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| not local b/c it is dumped into the blood in the intestinal walls, in response to presence of fats and proteins in "S.I" 3 functions: signal gallbladder to release bile, causes gastric glands to decrease their secretory activity + inhibits gastric motility, decreases peristalsis, and stimulates the pancreas to secrete fluid with high digestive enzymes concentrations. |
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| dumped into blood also, cells in the duodenal wall in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine, stimulates the pancreas to secrete fluid with a high bicarbonate concentration to neutralize HCL to maintain pH |
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| digestive system disease:Dysphagia |
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| difficulty swallowing/ food is sticking(solids or liquids),children caused by malformation(cerebral palsy) or GERD, in adults tumors or GERD. treat with drugs, surgery or treatment to open up the esophagus. |
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| Digestive System : Diverticular Disease |
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| diverticulum sac like bulge in colon, old people get b/c low fiber, may be local or widespread problem when one or more diverticulum get inflammed, 15-20% of people end up with perforations in bowel wall. some asymptomatic, mild treated w/ liquid diet+ antibiotics more serious for repeat attacks= surgery |
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| Digestive System: Crohns disease |
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| chronic condition, patchy areas of inflammation and open sores in inner lining of digestive tract. Jewish people 6x more likely to get. Symptoms include diarrhea + abdominal pain, most people require surgery to remove part of Digestive tract inflammation reduced with meds and strict diet |
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| circulatory system: artherosclerosis |
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Definition
| slowly progressing, arteries build up "plaque". result in heart attack or stroke, preventative measures lowering LDL, quit smoking, lose weight, exercise. diagnosis stress tests angiograms blood tests etc. most people don't know until it is too late. meds prevent attacks cholesterol lowering, blood thinning/ or surgeries |
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| circulatory system: hemophilla |
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Definition
| most common inherited bleeding disorder blood can't clot, absence 2 blood clotting substances in blood. diff types same symptoms heavy bleeding, lg. bruises, joint pain swelling etc affects men, not prevented, treatments blood clotting replacement therapy, physical therapy and surgery for complications |
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| circulatory system: anemia |
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Definition
| deficiency in RBC or iron containing portions called hemoglobins. most common in women during reproductive years, symptoms; tiredness, paleness, shortness of breath, headaches. treatment depends on severity, causes include deficiencies, chronic conditions,malnutrition, excessive blood loss, pregnancy etc. |
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| articles, imagination loss of memory |
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| older people have a harder time recalling past events and a harder time imagining new ones. hippocampus part of brain hunts down pieces of past events and puts them together to form memories. imagining is beleived to be past events reconstructed and recombinated to form new scenario that hasn't happened yet. older adults focus more on fact younger adults more visual and emotional details |
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| compound only in hops(porter stout and ale brews) xanthohumol toxicity to human breast, colon ovarian and prostate cancers. detoxifies carcinogens and inhibits tumor growth at early stage. powerful antioxident also, "health beer" higher levels of hops, best know is supplements |
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| articles: morgonellons disease |
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Definition
| mysterious symptoms sores on skin, threads popping out of the sores, fatique and feeling like tiny bugs are crawling on you. Some say psychatriac delusional parasitosis(patients believe to be infected w/ parasites) hundreds say true condition, CDC paying CA company to research, test and interview patients expects 150-500 participants.. didn't have name until 2002, named after 1674 medical paper describing similar symptoms |
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| digestive system mouth(glands,saliva,contents) |
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Definition
oral/buccal cavity 3 glands secrete saliva-paratoid(largest), submandibular and sublingual(smallest) saliva aqueous pH 6.25-6.85 contains metals nonmetals, lingual lipase, salivary amylase, lysozyme, and IgA antibody to prevent bacteria from attaching to wall. |
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baby/decidous/primary-20 of them come in 6-7 months all by 2 yrs adult/secondary come in ~ 6-7 all by late teens-early 20s 32 in total hardest and most stable tissue=enamel ferment simple carbs produce organic acids put holes in enamel=carries |
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pharynx 5 in. 3 parts-nasopharynx,oropharynx,and larynopharynx no chemical changes take place in either both made of skeletal muscle esophagus 10 in. remember epiglottis, lower esophageal spincter/cardiac spincter, prevents acid reflux |
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3 parts fundus, main=body and pylorus. smooth muscle, 1st organ of digestion, seperate enzymes for all, upper left quad. j-shaped, works ~ 1-3 hrs(2-6 w/ fat) major barrier in immune system, HCL=pH1.5-2 macroscopic nonpermanent folds increase surface area=rugae. loweresophageal spincter and pyloric spincter layer of mucus coats wall to protect from acid. |
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major organ of digestion(90% byproducts absorbed) duodenum, c-shaped, pyloric spincter jejunum-middle part ileum-longest ileocecal valve |
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| small intestine, structures, digestion and muscle |
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greater surface area in SI than stomach pemanent circular folds- plicae(~800 of them) surrounding each microscopic fingerlike prjections called-villi surrounding these are microvilli smooth muscle...contact digestion 20 pancreactic enzymes work here |
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| contact digestion,microvilli and villi |
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in small intestine, by products of digestion continually bump the microvilli to be absorbed into microscopic blood capillaries in small intestine wall microvilli also called brush border(~2000-3000) per columnar epitheial cell in wall of villus, wall of villus is simple columnar epithelium w/loose connective tissue, also microscopic blood capillaries at least one lyphatic capillary or lacteal. |
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Definition
largest internal organ, upper right quadrant multilobed, 2 main: larger right 5/6ths( 3 parts, hepatic proper,caudate, and quadrate lobe) and smaller left lobe 1/6 of total greater than 250 functions, weighs 3-4 lbs can regenerate |
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-low blood glucose=gluconeogenesis non-carb sources converted to glucose -aids in processing certain antibiotics -stores fat soluble vitamins -produces most blood plasma proteins like albumin -PRODUCES BILE -major filter -produces cholesterol |
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| 2 major blood vessels of liver |
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common hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein brings non-oxygenated blood and byproducts of digestion, SO LIVER IS FINAL CHECKPOINT before going to cells via blood |
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