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A+P II Lecture
EXAM # 1
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/15/2008

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Term
salivary amylase
Definition

salivary glands in the mouth, breaks down carbohydrates(starches + sugars) or polysaccharides into disaccharides(maltose) and trisaccharides(maltotriose) and shorter glucose chains or a-dextrins

works if you keep in for long enough 

Term
lingual lipase
Definition
glands in tounge release, breaks down triglycerides(fats and oils) into fatty acids and diglycerides, not very active in the mouth, more so in stomach
Term
pepsin
Definition

activated from pepsinogen by HCL,first enyme that begins protein digestion, in stomach cells (chief/zymogenic)

breaks down proteins into peptides 

Term
gastric lipase
Definition
secreted from stomach cells(chief/zymogenic) breaks down short chain triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides
Term
gastric juice consists of :
Definition
pepsin, gastric lipase, HCL
Term
pancreatic amylase
Definition
secreted by pancreatic acinar cells, breaks down starches(polysaccharides) into maltose,maltotriose, and dextrins(disaccharides,trisaccharides, and shorter glucose chains)
Term
trypsin
Definition
activated by trypsinogen by enterokinase, secreated by pancreatic acinar cells, inactive in pancreas activeated in small intestine, breaks down proteins into peptides
Term
chymotrypsin
Definition
activated from chymotrypsinogen by trypsin, secreted inactive form by pancreatic acinar cells, breaks down proteins to peptides
Term
elastase
Definition
activated by proelastase by trypsin, secreted inactive form by acinar cells in pancreas, breaks down proteins to peptides.
Term
carboxypeptidase
Definition
activated from procarboxypeptidase by trypsin, inactive form secreted by acinar cells in pancreas, breaks down terminal amino acid at carboxyl (acid) end of peptides products are peptides and amino acids
Term
pancreatic lipase
Definition
secreted by pancreatic acinar cells, breaks down triglycerides(fats and oils) that have been emulsified by bile salts to form fatty acids and monoglycerides
Term
pancreatic juice contains
Definition
pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase,pancreatic lipase
Term
brush border enyzmes
Definition
a-dextrins,maltase,sucrase,lactase,enterokinase,peptidases,aminopeptidase,dipeptidase,nucleosidases and phosphatases
Term
a-Dextrins
Definition
secreted by small intestine located in cell membrane of microvilli, contact digestion occurs(bumping) forms glucose from a-Dextrins
Term
maltase
Definition
brush border enzymes,located in cell membrane of microvillli, contact digestion breaks down maltose into glucose.
Term
sucrase
Definition
brush border enzyme, contact digestion located in cell membrane of microvilli, sucrose turns into glucose and fructose
Term
lactase
Definition
brush border enzyme, located in cell membrane of microvilli, involved in contact digestion, turns lactose into glucose and galactose
Term
enterokinase
Definition
brush border, contact digestion, located in cell membrane of microvilli in small intestine turn trypsinogen into trypsin
Term
peptidases
Definition

a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds

works after proteases 

Term
aminopeptidases
Definition
contact digestion in small intestine, breaks up terminal amino acid at end of peptides to form peptides and amino acids
Term
dipeptidases
Definition
contact digestion in small intestine, breaks up dipeptides into amino acids
Term
nucleosidases and phosphatases
Definition
contact digestion in small intestine, breaks down nucleotides into nitrogenous bases, pentoses and phosphates
Term
Nucleases: Ribonuclease
Definition
from pancreatic acinar cells , forms nucleotides from ribonucleic acid, digests RNA
Term
nucleases: deoxyribonuclease
Definition
pancreatic acinar cells, form nucleotides from deoxyribonucleic acid, digests DNA
Term
sodium bicarbonate
Definition
maintains pH in small intestine of 7.6-8 neutralizes chyme from stomach, pancreas secretes
Term
zymogens
Definition
inactive forms of pancreatic enzymes, conerted after secretion in cavity of small intestine
Term
gastrin
Definition
local hormone, produced by g-cells in gastric glands of stomach wall (mucosa)in reaction to presence of food. Causes gastric glands to increase their secretory activity, tells to produce HCL(parietal cells) also increases peristalsis
Term
intestinal gastrin
Definition
cells of small intestine secrete in presence of chyme, causes glands to increase secretory activity.
Term
somatostatin
Definition
local hormone secreted by gastric cells, inhibits the secretion of acid by parietal cells and slows peristalsis
Term
intestinal somatostatin
Definition
intestinal walls secrete in response to presence of fats, inhibits secretion of acid by parietal cells
Term
Cholecystokinin(CCK)
Definition
not local b/c it is dumped into the blood in the intestinal walls, in response to presence of fats and proteins in "S.I" 3 functions: signal gallbladder to release bile, causes gastric glands to decrease their secretory activity + inhibits gastric motility, decreases peristalsis, and stimulates the pancreas to secrete fluid with high digestive enzymes concentrations.
Term
Secretin
Definition
dumped into blood also, cells in the duodenal wall in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine, stimulates the pancreas to secrete fluid with a high bicarbonate concentration to neutralize HCL to maintain pH
Term
digestive system disease:Dysphagia
Definition
difficulty swallowing/ food is sticking(solids or liquids),children caused by malformation(cerebral palsy) or GERD, in adults tumors or GERD. treat with drugs, surgery or treatment to open up the esophagus.
Term
Digestive System : Diverticular Disease
Definition
diverticulum sac like bulge in colon, old people get b/c low fiber, may be local or widespread problem when one or more diverticulum get inflammed, 15-20% of people end up with perforations in bowel wall. some asymptomatic, mild treated w/ liquid diet+ antibiotics more serious for repeat attacks= surgery
Term
Digestive System: Crohns disease
Definition
chronic condition, patchy areas of inflammation and open sores in inner lining of digestive tract. Jewish people 6x more likely to get. Symptoms include diarrhea + abdominal pain, most people require surgery to remove part of Digestive tract inflammation reduced with meds and strict diet
Term
circulatory system: artherosclerosis
Definition
slowly progressing, arteries build up "plaque". result in heart attack or stroke, preventative measures lowering LDL, quit smoking, lose weight, exercise. diagnosis stress tests angiograms blood tests etc. most people don't know until it is too late. meds prevent attacks cholesterol lowering, blood thinning/ or surgeries
Term
circulatory system: hemophilla
Definition
most common inherited bleeding disorder blood can't clot, absence 2 blood clotting substances in blood. diff types same symptoms heavy bleeding, lg. bruises, joint pain swelling etc affects men, not prevented, treatments blood clotting replacement therapy, physical therapy and surgery for complications
Term
circulatory system: anemia
Definition
deficiency in RBC or iron containing portions called hemoglobins. most common in women during reproductive years, symptoms; tiredness, paleness, shortness of breath, headaches. treatment depends on severity, causes include deficiencies, chronic conditions,malnutrition, excessive blood loss, pregnancy etc.
Term
articles, imagination loss of memory
Definition
older people have a harder time recalling past events and a harder time imagining new ones. hippocampus part of brain hunts down pieces of past events and puts them together to form memories. imagining is beleived to be past events reconstructed and recombinated to form new scenario that hasn't happened yet. older adults focus more on fact  younger adults more visual and emotional details
Term
article: anticancer beer
Definition
compound only in hops(porter stout and ale brews) xanthohumol toxicity to human breast, colon ovarian and prostate cancers. detoxifies carcinogens and inhibits tumor growth at early stage.  powerful antioxident also, "health beer" higher levels of hops, best know is supplements
Term
articles: morgonellons disease
Definition
mysterious symptoms sores on skin, threads popping out of the sores, fatique and feeling like tiny bugs are crawling on you. Some say psychatriac delusional parasitosis(patients believe to be infected w/ parasites) hundreds say true condition, CDC paying CA company to research, test and interview patients expects 150-500 participants.. didn't have name until 2002, named after 1674 medical paper describing similar symptoms
Term
digestive system mouth(glands,saliva,contents)
Definition

oral/buccal cavity

3 glands secrete saliva-paratoid(largest), submandibular and sublingual(smallest)

saliva aqueous pH 6.25-6.85 contains metals nonmetals, lingual lipase, salivary amylase, lysozyme, and IgA antibody to prevent bacteria from attaching to wall.  

Term
teeth(2 kinds, carries)
Definition

baby/decidous/primary-20 of them

come in 6-7 months all by 2 yrs

adult/secondary

come in ~ 6-7 all by late teens-early 20s

32 in total

hardest and most stable tissue=enamel

ferment simple carbs produce organic acids put holes in enamel=carries 

Term
pharynx and esophagus
Definition

pharynx 5 in. 3 parts-nasopharynx,oropharynx,and larynopharynx

no chemical changes take place in either both made of  skeletal muscle

esophagus 10 in.

remember epiglottis, lower esophageal  spincter/cardiac spincter, prevents acid reflux

Term
stomach
Definition

 3 parts fundus, main=body and pylorus. smooth muscle, 1st organ of digestion, seperate enzymes for all, upper left quad. j-shaped, works ~ 1-3 hrs(2-6 w/ fat) major barrier in immune system, HCL=pH1.5-2 macroscopic nonpermanent folds increase surface area=rugae. loweresophageal spincter and pyloric spincter

layer of mucus coats wall to protect from acid. 

Term
small intestine
Definition

 major organ of digestion(90% byproducts absorbed)

duodenum, c-shaped, pyloric spincter

jejunum-middle part

ileum-longest ileocecal valve 

Term
small intestine, structures, digestion and muscle
Definition

greater surface area in SI than stomach

pemanent circular folds- plicae(~800 of them)

surrounding each microscopic fingerlike prjections called-villi surrounding these are microvilli

smooth muscle...contact digestion

20 pancreactic enzymes work here 

Term
contact digestion,microvilli and villi
Definition

in small intestine, by products of digestion continually bump the microvilli to be absorbed into microscopic blood capillaries in small intestine wall

microvilli also called brush border(~2000-3000) per columnar epitheial cell in wall of villus, wall of villus is simple columnar epithelium w/loose connective tissue, also microscopic blood capillaries at least one lyphatic capillary or lacteal. 

Term
liver
Definition

largest internal organ, upper right quadrant multilobed, 2 main: larger right 5/6ths( 3 parts, hepatic proper,caudate, and quadrate lobe)

and

smaller left lobe 1/6 of total

greater than 250 functions, weighs 3-4 lbs can regenerate 

Term
functions of liver
Definition

-low blood glucose=gluconeogenesis non-carb sources converted to glucose

-aids in processing certain antibiotics

-stores fat soluble vitamins

-produces most blood plasma proteins like albumin 

-PRODUCES BILE

-major filter

-produces cholesterol 

Term
2 major blood vessels of liver
Definition

common hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

 brings non-oxygenated blood and byproducts of digestion, SO LIVER IS FINAL CHECKPOINT before going to cells via blood 

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