Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&P III - practicum 1
A&P III - Practicum 1
68
Anatomy
Post-Graduate
05/01/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cleft Palate
Definition
failure of palatine bones and/or palatine processes of maxillary bones to fuse medially
Term
Pulmonary Ventilation
Definition
aka breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs
Term
External Respiration
Definition
The gas exchange between the blood and alveoli in the lungs
Term
Transport of Gases
Definition
O2 and CO2 are carried by blood between the lungs and all tissues
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
Term
Respiration
Definition
collective processes of pulmonary ventilation, internal and external repiration, and transport of gases is reffered to as respiration
Term
Nasal Septum
Definition
ethmoid and vomer bones - divide nasal cavity
Term
Sinuses
Definition
Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary (sup to inf)
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
Contains: internal nares, openings of auditory tubes, pharyngeal tonsils.
Lined with: PCCE
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
Contains: palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, fauces (opening to oral cavity), uvula (punching bag)
Lined with: stratified squamous
Term
Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx)
Definition
extends from the hyoid inferiorly to the level of the cricoid cartilage
Lined with: stratified squamous
Term
Larynx (voicebox)
Definition
functions in producing sound and keeping food and drink out of the trachea (epiglottis - elastic cart.)
Term
hilus
Definition
bronchus, vessels, and lungs enter at the hilus (pl=hili)
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
visceral pleura covers lungs and parietal is outside layer, inbetween is the pleural cavity which is filled with serous fluid
Term
respiratory tree (flow of air)
Definition
trachea -> bronchi (primary) -> bronchi (secondary) ->bronchi (tertiary) -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles (switch from conducting zone to respiratory zone) -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
Term
bronchopulmonary segment
Definition
10 per lung, functionally independent unit, portions supplied by tertiary bronchi
Term
trachea (histology)
Definition
lumen, muscosa (PCCE w/ goblet cells), Submucosa (seromucous glands, C-shaped rings of hyaline cart, and trachealis muscle of smooth muscle), adventitia, esophagus
Term
Lung
Definition
Bronchioles: lumen, cartilage plate, smooth muscle, pseudostratified epithelium
Alveoli, Alveolar sac, Respiratory bronchiole, Alveolar duct, simple squamous epithelium
Term
Muscles involved in Inspiration
Definition
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Accessory Muscles -
-sternocleidomastoid
-scalene muscles
-serratus anterior
-pectoralis minor
Term
Muscles involved in expiration
Definition
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles
Term
Elastic recoil
Definition
rebound of lungs after being stretched by inhalation
Term
Respiratory sounds
Definition
Bronchial sounds - produced by air moving through large airways (trachea and bronchi)

Vesicular breathing sounds - produced by air filling alveolar sacs (rustle or muffled breeze)
Term
Tidal Volume (TV)
Definition
(500 ml) volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during quiet breathing
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Definition
(3100 ml) volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
Term
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Definition
(1200 ml) volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Term
Vital capacity (VC)
Definition
maximum volume that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible (maximal inspiration).
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Term
Minute Respiratory Volume (MRV)
Definition
volume inhaled or exhaled from a persons lungs in one minute.
MRV = TV * Respirations/minute
Term
Residual Volume (RV)
Definition
amount of air left in the lungs after a maximum expiratory effort. Cannot be directly measured, only approximated.
RV = VC * Factor
Term
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Definition
Total volume of air that can be breathed out of the lungs with maximum effort in 1 breath. Low FVC in those with restrictive pulmonary disease (i.e. polio, TB)
Term
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)
Definition
measure of how much air is breathed out in 1st second during FVC. Low FEV in those with obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis, asthma)
Term
carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system
Definition
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+
Carbon dioxide and water react via carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and H+ ions.
When blood too acidic, H+ binds with HCO3- to form H2CO3.
When blood too basic, H2CO3 releases H+ to create HCO3- and H+ ions. pH stable at 7.4 + or - .02
Term
Chloride Shift
Definition
A Chloride shift occurs when bicarbonate ions (HCO3- ) diffuse out of RBCs into plasma. An electrical imbalance in RBCs draws Cl- from the plasma back into the RBCs.
Term
Lugol's IKI Test
Definition
IKI = potassium iodide; turns black in presence of starch.
Term
Benedict's Solution
Definition
Color change with heat indicates presence of glucose or maltose. Blue to orange color change is a positive result for glucose or maltose. Note - does not detect presence of sucrose.
Term
BAPNA
Definition
color changing dye that is attached to an AA via a peptide bond. When BAPNA's peptide bond is broken, color change from clear to yellow. Trypsin is often the enzyme used.
Term
Litmus Cream
Definition
triglyceride digestion by pancreatic lipase releases fatty acids, which drop pH and turn the litmus solution pink. Alkaline changes make a dark lavender color. Works best when bile salts are mixed with solution 1st in order to emulsify.
Term
Deglutition
Definition
Swallowing. Largely skeletal muscle activity. 2 phases:
buccal phase - occurs in mouth and is voluntary
pharyngeal-esophogeal phases - involuntary and includes peristalsis
Term
peristaltic movements
Definition
waves of contraction and then relaxation - major food propulsion
Term
segmental movements
Definition
rythmically constrict the organ wall - mixing action, increase absorption, food propulsion
Term
alimentary canal
Definition
hollow tube extending from mouth to anus (GI tract). Covered with mucous membrane and open at both ends.
Term
accessory digestive organs
Definition
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
Term
General Histological Plan of Alimentary Canal
Definition
Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae), Submucosa (dense CT, well vascularized, contains submucosal nerve plexus), Muscularis Externa (circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, myenteric nerve plexus), Serosa (visceral peritoneum- epithelium over areolar CT), Adventitia (only if outside abdominopelvic cavity - Course fibrous CT)
Term
mouth arches
Definition
palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)
Term
Groove on roof of mouth
Definition
palatine raphe (pl = raphae)
Term
Gastroesophogeal Junction
Definition
junction of esophagous to stomach. (statified squamous of esoph. Into simple columnar of stomach)
Term
four main regions of stomach and sphincters
Definition
fundus, cardiac, body, pyloric. Cardiac sphincter and pyloric sphincter. -- Also, greater and lesser curvature.
Term
Rugae
Definition
large irregular folds lining internal walls of stomach
Term
Chyme
Definition
food mixed with gastric juices
Term
Stomach Histology
Definition
simple columnar epi (mucous neck cells), mucosa with gastric pits and gastric glands, parietal cells (secrete HCl and intrinsic factor), and Zymogenic Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen); rugae (irregular folds larger than villi); 3 layers of smooth muscle in muscularis externa (oblique, circular, longitudinal), serosa
Term
small Intestine
Definition
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Simple columnar with microvilli which are long and wide in the duodenum and short and squat in the ileum. Goblet cells increasing in number distally. Plicae circularis are large folds of mucosa and submucosa (epithelium and lamina propria extending into lumen), and intestinal crypts which are extensions of lumen into mucosa.
Term
Lacteal
Definition
lymphatic duct found throughout the small intestine
Term
capillary beds of small intestine
Definition
line basemement membrane and transport to hepatic portal vein
Term
Brunner's glands
Definition
glands that release mucous rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate that neutralizes HCl from stomach. Most numerous at beginning of duedenum
Term
Peyer's patches
Definition
numerous discrete oval or round patches of lymphatic tissue in the submucosa of the ileum.
Term
Large intestine
Definition
feces compaction and water absorption. Some vitamin absorption. Cecum -> ascending colon -> hepatic flexure -> transverse colon -> splenic flexure -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon
Term
vermiform appendix
Definition
extends off of the cecum - immune function
Term
epiploic appendices
Definition
fatty appendices
Term
teniae coli
Definition
longitudinal layer of muscle is limited to 3 bands called teniae coli
Term
haufstra
Definition
small pocket-like sacs on walls of large intestine created by the muscle tone of the teniae coli
Term
Large intestine histology
Definition
simple columnar with many goblet cells (xmas tree lights) and NO villi. Also have intestinal crypts and sometimes have concentrated lymphatic nodules.
Term
Dental formula
Definition
2, 1, 2, 3 incisor, canine, premolar, molar. Adults with 32 permanent teeth and children with 20 deciduous teeth
Term
tooth anatomy
Definition
crown = visible portion; root = below gum line; neck=inbetween; enamel, dentin, pulp (outside to inside); cementum attaches tooth to periodontal ligament; apical foramen is where vessels exit root
Term
Salivary glands
Definition
parotid - largest, secretion is primary serous with salivary amylase
sublingual - smallest, secrete mucous fluids
submandibular - secrete both mucous and serous fluids
Term
Liver
Definition
Site of detoxificiation, protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, secretes bile salts. Right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament; round ligament is leftover from fetal umbilical cord and is on underside of liver.
Term
Ducts of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Definition
left and right hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct (met by cystic duct of gallbladder) -> common bile duct (goes through head of pancreas) -> pancreatic duct(s) (possibly accessory pancreatic duct 3-10% of pop.) and common bile duct join and drain into duodenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla -> bile and pancreatic juices into duodenum controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter
Term
duodenal papilla
Definition
orifice into the duodenum from hepatopancreatic ampulla
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Head, neck, body, tail, and pacreatic notch ---- Histology: acini and islets of langerhans
Supporting users have an ad free experience!