Term
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Definition
| All the chemical reactions in the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if the cells cannot perform cellular respiration? |
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Definition
| Then the cells cannot utilize ATP and die |
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Term
| What are the final product of Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Production of 2 ATP and pyruvic acid |
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Term
| The Krebs cycle converts pyruvic acid to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The krebs cycle's end product is? |
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Definition
| mytoconreal enzymes NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| What cycle has progressive steps that take pyruvic acid and produce NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the goal of the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the electron transport chain transport electrons? |
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Definition
| through chemical reactions |
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Term
| In the Electron transport chain, when electrons meet up with oxygen, what does this create? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is oxygen important in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| It allows the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
| What causes lactic acid build up in the body? |
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Definition
| Anaerobic cellular respiration |
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Term
| What are the two myocondreal enzymes involved in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what step are NADH and FADH2 formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is energy released in small amounts in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| To reduce excessive heat production |
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Term
| How are fat and potein metabolism different from carbohydrate metabolism? |
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Definition
| Fat and protein metabolsim start with the breakdown of the fat or protein vs carbs where the glucose can be utilized immedietly |
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Term
| How is fat stored in the body? |
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Definition
| As triglycerides, in liver and skeletal muscles. |
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Term
| What process breaks down stored fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the state of metabolism when the body is at rest? |
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Definition
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Term
| What occures durring the absorptive metabolic phase? |
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Definition
| Nutrients are absorbed and stored (anabolism) |
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Term
| What occures durring the post absorbtive metabolic phase? |
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Definition
| Catabolism (needs are met through stored fuel) |
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Term
| Which nutrients provide the most energy per gram? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A substance in food used by the body for growth, repair and maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 cal = amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1 °C |
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Term
| What 3 systems does the urinary system work with? |
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Definition
| Respiratory, Cardiovascuar, Endocrine |
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Term
| What are the primary functions of the urinary system? |
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Definition
| Filtration, elimination of waste, homeostasis |
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Term
| The urinary system helps maintain homeostatis of? |
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Definition
| pH, Fluid volume, glucose concentration,RBC concentration, ion concentration |
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Term
| How does the urinary system regulate pH? |
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Definition
| through removal of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions |
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Term
| How does the urinary system regulate blood pressure? |
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Definition
| By fluid balance and though the extrinsic kidney control durring stress. |
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Term
| About how much urine is excreted per day? |
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Definition
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Term
| The kidneys filter __________ liters of blood per day. |
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Definition
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Term
| What substances are filtered, then reabsorbed by the kidney? |
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Definition
| water and useful neutrients |
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Term
| What substances are filtered out of the blood and excreted in urine? |
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Definition
| waste: urea, uric acid, bile salts, ammonia, catecholamine, many drugs |
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Term
| What is the function of the renal cortex? |
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Definition
| contains then nephrons to filter blood |
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Term
| What is the function of the renal medula? |
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Definition
| houses the renal pelvis, calyx's, and areas that collect urine |
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Term
| What is the function of the proximal convoluted tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the distal convoluted tube? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the renal pelvis? |
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Definition
| Collect urine leading out of the medulla |
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Term
| What is the function of the Nephron loop? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the glomerulus? |
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Definition
| Network of blood capilaries where filtration occurs |
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Term
| What is the macula densa (kidney)? |
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Definition
| Region of tall epithelial cells that have a roll in movement of smooth muscle in the afferent arterioles |
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Term
| Describe the covering of the kidney. |
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Definition
| The renal capsule, covers kidney like a cellophane wrap. |
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Term
| What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus and what does it do? |
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Definition
| The juction between afferent and efferent arterioles, this enables the nephron to monitor and stabilize bp. |
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Term
| HOw are the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons different? |
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Definition
| juxtamedullary have longer loops and they concentrate urine |
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Term
| What types of substances pass through the glomerulus into the capsule? |
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Definition
| Water, blood, small solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the blood hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The volume of filtrate formed by the kidney each minute (about 120-125ml) |
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Term
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Definition
| If the GFR is zero, then the kidneys are not functioning, therefore homeostatis cannt be maintained |
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Term
| How is GFR maintained internally? |
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Definition
| through renal autoregulation: myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism |
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Term
| Which regulation mechanism functions to regulate blood pressure long-term? |
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Definition
| Urinary system (intrinsic -kidney) |
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Term
| What effect does angiotensin II have on kidney function? |
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Definition
| It stabilizes BP by constricting arterioles, stimulating reabsorbtion of Na+, causes hypothalamus to activate thirst center |
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Term
| What part of the nephron reabsorbs the most filtrate? |
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Definition
| The proximal conveluted tubule (PCT) |
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Term
| Which hormone causes more excretion of salt? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormone causes more salt to be retained? |
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Definition
| Aldosterone (salt retaining hormone) |
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Term
| Which portion of the nephron absorbs the most water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal pH of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes can lead to what type of finding in the urine? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The kidneys maintain water balance by? |
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Definition
| preventing excess water loss |
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Term
| How do the Ureters move urine to the bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice |
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Term
| How does the structure of the bladder and urethra differ between males and females? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the bladder release urine? |
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Definition
| through the two sphincters, external and internal. Internal smooth muscle and external under our control |
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Term
| HOw much of the body fluid is found in the ECF? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the body fluid is found in the ICF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components found in ECF? |
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Definition
| Sodium, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides |
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Term
| What are the components found in ICF? |
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Definition
| Potasium, Chlorine, phopholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides |
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Term
| What are two methods of water gain? |
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Definition
| injested (pre-formed), inhailed (metabolic) |
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Term
| What are two methods of water loss? |
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Definition
| Breathing (insensible), Urine, feces, sweat (obligitory) |
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Term
| WHat hormone is release in response to decreased Na+ when dehydrated? |
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Definition
| Aldosteron - it activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism |
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Term
| What is more dangerous, Hyperkalemia or Hyponatremia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What specific ions are located in the ICF and ECF? |
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Definition
| K+ intracellular, Na+ extracellular |
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Term
| What is the biggest function of sodium in the body? |
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Definition
| Body water distribution and volume |
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Term
| When blood Na+ is down, which hormone is secreted to raise it? |
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Definition
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Term
| When blood Na+ is high, which hormone is secreted to lower it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone responds to changes in osmolarity? |
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Definition
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
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Term
| What hormone responds to changes in fluid volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, when Na+ levels are high in an area, K+ levels are? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whan K+ levels are high ________________ is released. |
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Definition
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Term
| When K+ levels are low ________________ is released. |
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Definition
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Term
| As blood K+ increases, what happens to aldosterone levels? |
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Definition
| They rise (aldosterone is released) |
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Term
| List 4 functions of calcium? |
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Definition
| Muscle contraction, Skeletal mineralization, second messenger, exocytosis, homeostasis |
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Term
| Where is the majority of calcium stored in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that releases H+ in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| An acid that completely dissassociates |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that absorbs H+ in solution |
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Term
| How is a buffer system able to resist pH change? |
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Definition
| It can act as an acid or base depending on what is needed to bring pH back to normal |
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Term
| When blood pH is down, the bicarbonate buffer system shifts to the ________ and ______________ H+ ions resulting in a higher pH. |
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Definition
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Term
| What chemical buffer system is used primarily in the ICF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What buffer system relies on the respiratory system to add/remove CO2? |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate buffer System |
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Term
| How do the kidneys help to buffer pH? |
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Definition
| by altering what is secreted or absorbs |
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Term
| Which buffer system works in the short term? Long term? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important buffer system in the ECF? |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate buffer system |
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Term
| What type of buffer system is most powerful? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are respiratory and meabolic acid/base disorders different? |
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Definition
| Respiratory is an accumulation or absence of CO2, Metabolic is an accumulation of lactic acid and ketones |
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Term
| What is the cause of respiratory acidosis? |
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Definition
| Lack of oxygen to the tissues |
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Term
| What is the cause of metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
| Can be secondary to rep. acidosis, can be diabetes, lack of circulation, crush injury |
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Term
| What are causes of resp, and meta. alkalosis? |
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Definition
| Hyperventilation (resp), Antacids, Chronic Vomiting (meta) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| Regulate body systems (with nerv. system), communicate through hormones to have a direct effect on body processes |
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Term
| In what ways are the endocrine and nervous system alike? |
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Definition
| They both control functions of other systems and organs |
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Term
| How are the endocrine and nervous system different? |
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Definition
| One uses electrical fibers, and one uses chemicals to communicate |
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Term
| How do cells communicate with each other within the same tissue? |
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Definition
| Chemical messengers (prostaglandins) |
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Term
| Which glands exhibit the most control over other glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are endocrine and exocrine glands different? |
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Definition
| Exocrine glands have ducts, endocrine glands do not |
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Term
| List three TYPES of horomones? |
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Definition
| Peptides, Monoamines, steroids and Thyroid |
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Term
| What is the most common TYPE of hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Testosterone and estrogen are what type of hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of hormones are water soluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of hormones are fat-soluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do hormes exert their effect on a cell? |
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Definition
| They binde to a receptor either on the plasma membrane, or defuse into the cell and attach to a receptor |
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Term
| What is the first messenger in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOw is a hormone second messenger involved? |
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Definition
| It apears due to the hormone and carries the effect into the cell |
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Term
| What is the stalk that suspends the pituitary from the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "thing" that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary Gland (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Follicle stimulating (stim egg/sperm), Luteinizing (ovulation, secret estrogen), Thyroid Stimulating Horm (growth of thyroid), Growth hormone |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary gland (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Oxytocin (uterus contraction), Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Acts on kidney-water retention) |
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Term
| Pineal (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| roof of 3rd and 4th ventrical of brain, Serotonin (mood), Melatonin (night) |
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Term
| Thymus (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| mediastinum, Thymosin (regulate development and activation of T Lymphocytes) |
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Term
| Thyroid (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Surrounds trachea (largest), Thyroxin (helps regulate metabolism), Calcitonin (regulates blood Ca+ levels, stimulates osteoblasts) |
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Term
| Parathyroid (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (works with thyroid to regulate blood Ca+), Calcitonin (stimulates calcium salt deposits in bone) |
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Term
| Adrenal (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Epinphrine & Norepinephrine - mobilize glucose, inhibits insulin, Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Adrenal Cortex(Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Alsosterone (acts on kidney to maintain electrolyte balance), Cortisol (helps body adapt to stress and repair itself) |
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Term
| Pancreas (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Insulin (stimulates glucose absorbtion), Glucagon (stimulates release of glucose into blood) |
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Term
| Gonads (Location and hormones with function) |
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Definition
| Ovary: Estrogen (stim female repro development, regulates mentral cycle), Progesterone (regulates menstral cycle and prepares mammary glands) Testes: Testosterone :dev male repro and physique, Estrogen - stabilizes sperm prod rate |
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Term
| What is the effect of ADH on the kidney? |
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Definition
| Decreases urinary water loss |
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Term
| Which glands are the largest in children and shrink with age? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones have an effect on growth and development? |
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Definition
| Thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone, Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone |
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Term
| What two hormones work together to regulate Ca+ levels? |
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Definition
| Calcitonin (when Blood Ca+ levels are high), Parathyroid hormone (when blood Ca+ levels are low) |
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Term
| What hormone does the adrenal gland excrete that effects kidney functions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone stimulates ovulation and the production of sperm in testes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disorders of the thyroid gland can result in what? |
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Definition
| can effect growth, tissue repair, blood Ca+ levels |
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Term
| What are the three body reactions to stress? |
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Definition
| Alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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