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A & P II Final (Review 8)
Chapter 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/20/2010

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Cards

Term

_Oxidation of amino acids

_Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

_Aerobic respiration of glucose

_Hyrdolysis of nucleic acids

_Anaerobic respiration of glucose

 

A) Carbonic acid B) Lactic acid C) Acidic ketone D) sulfuric acid E) Phosphoric Acid

Definition
D, C, A, E, B
Term
Released when the calcium blood level is high
Definition
calcitonin
Term
The primary stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is ______.
Definition
rising potassium concentration
Term
The thirst center is located in the ________.
Definition
hypothalymus
Term
Water intoxication causes _______.
Definition
low blood sodium
Term
The technical term for water intoxication is ________.
Definition
hyponatremia
Term

_Produced in a reaction between acids and bases

_Substances that ionizes in a water solution

_Substances that ionizes in water to release hydroxide ions

_Prevent drastic changes in the pH of body fluids

_Substances that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions

 

A) electrolyte B) Acid C) Base D) Salt E) Buffer

Definition
D, A, C, E, B
Term
Ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to _____.
Definition
metabolic alkalosis
Term
Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?
Definition
Adminstering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts
Term
If excess water enters the body, ________.
Definition
osmoreceptors in the brain swell.
Term
___% of water is lost through urine.
Definition
60
Term

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by:

 

A) prolonged vomiting

B) taking too many antacids

C) taking dieuretics

D) gastic lavage ("stomach pumping")

Definition
all of the above
Term
Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has ________.
Definition
less water and more adipose tissue.
Term

Which of the following most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male?

 

A) 35 %

B) 45 %

C) 55 %

D) 65 %

E) It depends on how much he has recently drunk.

Definition
D) 65 %
Term

Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in the:

 

A) cerebrospinal fluid

B) aqueous and vitreous humor of the eys

C) synovial fluid of the joints

D) serous fluid in body cavities

E) all of the above

Definition
E) all of the above
Term

Dehyrdation is caused by:

 

A) excessive sweating

B) prolonged water deprivaton

C) prolonged vomiting

D) prolonged diarrheah

E) all of the above

Definition
E) all of the above
Term
___% of water is lost through skin and lungs.
Definition
28
Term

Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions to body fluids?

 

A) Anaerobic respiration of glucose

B) Aerobic respiration of glucose

C) Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

D) Oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids

E) All of the above

Definition
E) All of the above
Term

ADH level in nephrons regulates water output by causing the ______.

 

 

Definition
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water
Term
Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as _____.
Definition
1 %
Term
Edema is _________.
Definition
abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.
Term
Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent because ___________.
Definition
electrolytes are dissolved in water.
Term
Intracellular fluid compartment accounts for about ___% by volume of total body weight.
Definition
63
Term
The phosphate buffer system consists of _______.
Definition
monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate.
Term
Hyperventilation leads to ________.
Definition
respiratory alkalosis.
Term
The part of an amino acid that is important in the protein buffer system is the _____________.
Definition
the amino and carboxyl groups
Term
Water metabolism is ________.
Definition
a by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
Term
Intracellular fluids have high concentrations of _________________.
Definition
potassium and phosphate.
Term

Hyperkalemia can be caused by:

 

A) renal disease, which reduces excretion
B) drugs that promote renal conservation of potassium

C) insufficient secretion of aldosterone

D) a shift of potassium from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid

E) all of the above

Definition
E) all of the above
Term

_Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid within the interstitial spaces

_accumulation of too much carbon dioxide

_Results when output of water exceeds intake

_Water intoxication due to excessive fluid intake

_Causes too much CO2 to be lost and results in respiratory alkalosis

 

A) Dehyrdation B) Hyponatremia C) Edema E) Respiratory acidosis

Definition
C, E, A, B, D
Term
When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are _____.
Definition
secreted
Term
Addison's disease is characterized by __________.
Definition
alosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium
Term
A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in ________.
Definition
urine
Term
Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to ________.
Definition
metabolic acidosis
Term
Sodium ions account for nearly _____% of the electrolytes in extracellular fluids.
Definition
90
Term
Extracellular fluids have relatively ___________.
Definition
high sodium and low potassium concentrations.
Term

Low plasma protein concentrations can cause edema.

 

True or False

Definition
True
Term
Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to _______.
Definition
metabolic alkalosis
Term
The sequence of symptoms of heatstroke is ___________.
Definition
headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry.
Term
An adult female is ____% water by weight.
Definition
52
Term
Acidosis is a pH of arterial blood _________.
Definition
below 7.35
Term
Total daily average of fluid intake or output is _______ ml.
Definition
2500
Term
The 3 most important electrolytes are:
Definition
sodium, potassium, calcium
Term
A strong acid is one that ______ and an example is ______.
Definition
ionizes more completely; HC1.
Term
The movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by __________.
Definition
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
Term
Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by _____________.
Definition
converting strong acids to weak acids
Term
The respiratory center is most likely to increase the breathing rate if the ____________.
Definition
pH of body fluids is decreasing.
Term

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include:

 

A) light headedness

B) agitation

C) tingling

D) titanic muscle contractions

E) all of the above

Definition
E) all of the above
Term
__________ are chemicals that promote urine production. 
Definition
diuretics
Term
Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. The stimulus to stop drinking comes from _________.
Definition
distension of her stomach.
Term
The primary regulator of water intake is the mechanism of ______.
Definition
thirst
Term
Alkalosis is a pH of arterial blood ___________.
Definition
above 7.45
Term

Hypernatremia:

 

A) can be caused by high fever.

B) can be caused by low levels of ADH.

C) can cause confusion, stupor, and coma.

D) is high sodium concentration.

E) all of the above

Definition
E) all of the above
Term

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

 

A) Plasma 

B) Lymph

C) Interstitial fluid

D) Transcellular fluid

E) Cell membrane

Definition
C) Interstitial fluid
Term
_____ is released when calcium blood level is low.
Definition
PTH
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