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A&P II Development and Inheritance
Chapter 29, Tortora's 12th edition book
68
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/09/2011

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Term
glycoprotein in zona pellucida that acts as sperm receptor
Definition
ZP3
Term
What is Acrosomal Reaction?
Definition
Release of contents of acrosome
Term
What is the fast block to polyspermy?
Definition
Depolarization of oocyte's plasma membrane
Term
Slow block to polyspermy?
Definition
Depolarization - release of Ca2+ - exocytosis of secretory vesicles that INACTIVATE ZP3 and HARDEN ZONA PELLUCIDA
Term
when do monozygotic twins form?
Definition
8 days after fertilization
Term
3 characteristics of morula
Definition
1. hard shell (still surrounded by zona pellucida)
2. same size as zygote
3. made of blastomeres
Term
at what nr cell stage morula becomes blastocyst?
Definition
32-cell stage
Term
2 strata of blastocyst
Definition
1. embryoblast (inner cell mass)
2. trophoblast
Term
what does inner cell mass become?
Definition
embryo
Term
what does trophoblast become?
Definition
chorionic sac around embryo
Term
how long after fertilization does hatching from zona pellucida occur?
Definition
5 days after fertilization
Term
role of syncytiotropoblast during implantation
Definition
provides enzymes for digestion of endometrium & implantation of blastocyst
Term
which 2 hormones keep uterus in secretory phase, preventing menstruation?
Definition
estrogen & progesterone
Term
when does peak secretion of hCG happens? (time frame)
Definition
week 9, when placenta is formed
Term
what does amnion form from? (hypoblast or epiblast)
Definition
epiblast
Term
What is amniotic fluid mainly derived from?
Definition
maternal blood
Term
what is yolk sac derived from? (hypoblast or epiblast?)
Definition
hypoblast
Term
location of bilaminar embryonic disc?
Definition
between amnion and yolk sac
Term
during what period of development does Yolk Sac provide nutrients to embryo?
Definition
2nd-3rd week
Term
3 specific roles of chorion
Definition
1. secrete proteins that block antibody production by mother
2. production of T lymphocytes (suppress normal immune response in uterus)
3. produces hCG
Term
what is gastrulation
Definition
develpment of bilaminar embryonic disc into trilaminar embryonic disc
Term
at what day does primitive streak form?
Definition
day 15
Term
which formation marks for the first time the head and tail of embryo?
Definition
primitive streak
Term
what is Induction?
Definition
one tissue stimulates specialization and development of adjacent cells
Term
which structure in embryo determines induction?
Definition
notochord
Term
2 primitive embryonal membranes that form the structure of gut?
Definition
oropharyngeal membrane, cloacal membrane
Term
where does Allantois extend in embryos? (3rd week )
Definition
in connecting stalk
Term
what does neural tube develop into?
Definition
brain and spinal cord (CNS)
Term
what does neural crest develop into?
Definition
nerves & ganglia
Term
what do myotomes develop into?
Definition
muscles of head & neck
Term
what do dermatomes develop into?
Definition
CT, including dermis
Term
what do sclerotomes develop into?
Definition
vertebrae & ribs
Term
in which 3 embryonic structures does development of blood vessels start?
Definition
yolk sac, connecting stalk, chorion
Term
what is Wharton's jelly?
Definition
supporting mucous tissue derived from allantois
Term
purpose of Human Chorionic Somatotropin?
Definition
produced by placental chorion: prepares mammary glands for lactatin; glucose for fetus
Term
role of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone produced by placenta?
Definition
1. timing of birth
2. increases secretion of cortisol (for full development of lungs & surfactant)
Term
two parts of placenta?
Definition
Fetal chorion+ maternal decidua basalis
Term
Functions of placenta?
Definition
1. Diffusion of O2 & nutrients from mother to fetus
2. Storage of nutrients for fetus
3. Protective barrier (against bacteria and chemicals)
4. Secretion of hormones that maintain pregnancy
Term
What are the 2 structures of the bilaminar embryonic disc?
Definition
1. hypoblast (inner cell mass)
2. epiblast
Term
function of notochord
Definition
induction (of neural tube, somites, vertebral bodies, etc)
Term
when does fetal period start?
Definition
at 9 weeks
Term
what is the outer layer of the umbilical cord?
Definition
amnion
Term
fingerlike projections of chorion into endometrial wall of uterus
Definition
chorionic villi
Term
spaces formed by enclosed lacunae that bathe chorionic villi with maternal blood
Definition
intervillous spaces
Term
BV that carry deoxygenated fetal blood
Definition
umbilical arteries (carry de-O2 blood away from fetal heart)
Term
bv that carry oxygenated blood and nutrients from mother to fetus
Definition
umbilical vein
Term
outer part of the trophoblast, closer to endometrium, undistinct cells
Definition
syncitiotrophoblast
Term
Syncitiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast will become part of which embryonic layer?
Definition
chorion
Term
which hormone is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin similar to?
Definition
Luteinizing Hormone
Term
when does peak hCG occur?
Definition
when placenta is formed, and takes over functions of corpus luteum
Term
which part of embryoblast is a primitive endoderm?
Definition
hypoblast
Term
part of embryoblast that is primitive ectoderm?
Definition
epiblast
Term
three components of amniotic fluid
Definition
1. maternal blood
2. fetal urine
3. embryonic cells
Term
former blastocyst cavity, formed from the development of hypoblast
Definition
yolk sac
Term
two cavities that surround bilaminar embryonic disc in second week of development
Definition
1. amniotic cavity (toward endometrium)
2. yolk sac (toward empty space in uterus)
Term
supplies nutrients to embryo in 2nd and 3rd week after fertilization
Definition
yolk sac
Term
first source of blood for embryo
Definition
yolk sac
Term
spaces within syncitiotrophoblast that will erode endomatrial glands, fill with blood and bring nutrition from mother to embryo
Definition
maternal sinusoids
Term
structure formed from yolk sac, that will surrounds yolk sac and amniotic cavity, and will be the beginning of chorion
Definition
extraembryonic mesoderm
Term
three structures that together make up the chorion
Definition
1. extraembryonic mesoderm
2. syncitiotrophoblast
3. cytotrophoblast
Term
embryonic layer that becomes fetal part of placenta
Definition
chorion
Term
three protective functions of chorion (products)
Definition
1. Proteins (block mother antibody production)
2. T lymphocytes (suppress immune resp. in uterus)
3. hCG
Term
connects bilaminar embryonic disc to trophoblast (derived from extraembryonic mesoderm)
Definition
connecting stalk
Term
invagination of epiblast, that marks the first step of gastrulation and marks the head, body and tail of embryo
Definition
primitive streak
Term
Embryonic structure derived from mesoderm that produces INDUCTION
Definition
notochord
Term
vascularized outpouching of yolk sac that has a role in primitive blood formation
Definition
allantois
Term
cube-shaped structures that form from mesoderm in the third week of development (will become myotome, sclerotome, dermatome)
Definition
somites
Term
cavity within mesoderm that will separate into splanchnic mesoderm and somatic mesoderm
Definition
intraembryonic coelom
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