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A/P II: Chapter 20
Hearth
34
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/06/2010

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Cards

Term

Calcium

Sodium

Definition
Channels that cause depolarization
Term
Potassium
Definition
Channels that cause repolarization
Term
Non-gated sodium channels cause depolarization of the pacemaker cell, triggering calcium channels to open.
Definition
Events leading to prepotential
Term

Calcium channels are open

Potassium channels are closed

Definition
Channels responsible for depolarization phase of cardiac muscle.
Term

Calcium channels are closed 

Potassium channels are open

Definition
Channels responsible for repolarization phase
Term

1. Depolarization

2. Early repolarization

3. Plateau

4. Final repolarization

Definition
Four phases of a cardiac muscle action potential.
Term
As potassium channels open repolarization begins, then calcium channels open slowing down repolarization.
Definition
Mechanism of the PLateau phase
Term
Systole
Definition
Contraction
Term
Diastole
Definition
Relaxation
Term

Pressure in ventricle is high

Atrial pressure is low

Definition
Pressures during isovolumic contraction
Term

Atrial pressure is low

Pressure in ventricle is high

Definition
Pressures during period of ejection
Term
All valves are closed
Definition
Valves open during Isovolumic contraction
Term

Semilunar valve open

AV valve closed

Definition
Valves open/closed during period of ejection
Term
All valves closed
Definition
Valves open during isovolumic relaxation
Term

Ventricular pressure is low

Atrial pressure is low

 

Aortic pressure is high

Definition
Pressures during isovolumic relaxation
Term
MAP = CO X PR
Definition
Mean arterial pressure equation
Term
CO = HR X SV
Definition
Cardiac output equation
Term
End diastolic volume
Definition
Blood remaining after relaxation.
Term
End systolic volume
Definition
Blood remaining after contraction.
Term
SV = EDV - ESV
Definition
stroke volume equation
Term
Cardiac reserve
Definition
The difference between cardiac output at rest and maximum cardiac output
Term
Preload
Definition
Pressure caused by blood in ventricle resulting in cardiac muscles to stretch.
Term
Afterload
Definition
The amount of aortic pressure contraction must overcome to move blood from the ventricle into the aorta.
Term
SA Node
Definition
Point where parasympathetic nerves make contact with the heart.
Term
Inhibiting the heart rate (decrease)
Definition
Major effect of parasympathetic vagus nerves on the heart.
Term

SA Node

AV node

Atrium

Ventricle

Definition
Where sympathetic nerves make contact with the heart.
Term
Excitatory effect on heart, increasing heart rate and force of contraction
Definition
Major effects of sympathetic nerves on the heart
Term

Potassium channels open hyperpolarizing the plasma membrane.

 

Heart rate decreases

Definition
Effect of acetylcholine on cardiac cells in SA node
Term
Parasympathetic nerves
Definition
Nerves that release acetylcholine...parasympathetic or sympathetic?
Term

Physical activity

 

Emotional excitement

 

Stress

Definition
Three conditions that cause the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Term

Opens calcium channels, causing depolarization

 

Increasing heart rate

Definition
Effect norepinephrine has on cardiac cells.
Term
Sympathetic nerves
Definition
Nerves that release norepinephrine....sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Term

Increase Parasympathetic stimulation

Decrease Sympathetic stimulation

Definition
Effect increased blood pressure has on nervous system stimulation.
Term

Decreased parasympathetic stimulation

Increased sympathetic stimulation

Definition
Effect decreased blood pressure has on nervous system stimulation.
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