Term
| What are sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| specialized extensions of the nervous system which upon appropriate stimulation can generate sensory impulses which are sent to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory impulses which are sent to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| perception is a function of the ---------- -----------? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the organof perception? |
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Definition
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Term
| Classification of senses based on localization? |
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Definition
1) General senses-receptors are widespread thru the body
2) special senses-receptors are localized in specific sites
ex. sight,hearing,smell,taste, and equilibrium |
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Term
| Classification of senses based on location? |
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Definition
1) somatic-receptores are in the outer body wall and respond to the external stimuli
ex. touch,temp, pain
2)visceral senses-receptors are in the inturnal organs and respond to inturnal stimuli
ex. internal pain,hunger,nausea,tec. |
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Term
| Classification of sensory receptors based on location and source? |
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Definition
1)exteroreceptors-loc. near the body surface and respond to external stimuli
ex. sight,hearing,touch,ext. pain
2)enteroreceptors-loc. in visceral organs and respond to internal stimuli
ex.internal pain,hunger,nausea
3)proprioreceptors-loc. in skeletal muscles,tendons,joints and inner ear-respond to stimuli regarding the position of the body in 3-D space |
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Term
| Classification of sensory receptors on the basis of adaptation potential? |
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Definition
1)Tonic receptors-maintain a rel. constant firing rate regardless of the stimulus duration
ex. photoreceptors of the retina
2) Phasic receptors-firing rate gradually decreases w/ continual stimulation
ex. touch or temp receptors in the skin |
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Term
| What is sensory adaptation? |
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Definition
| a decrease in firing rate over time w/ continual stimulation |
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Term
| What is the Law of Specific Nerve Energies? |
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Definition
each type of receptor produces a specific sensation identified w/ the stimulus that receptor normally responds to-this is its "adequate stimulus"
ex. light for photoreceptors |
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Term
| Will receptors will respond to stimuli other than the adequate stimulus? |
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Definition
| yes, esp. if they are excessively strong |
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Term
| Will the perception be the same if the adequate stimulus is not what is reach? |
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Definition
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Term
| when a sensory receptor is stimulated by w/e means what does it cause and what is it called? |
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Definition
| local hypopolarization fo the receptor membrane--receptor potential |
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Term
| Receptor potential is generally what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cam the receptor potenitals summate the reaxh threshold in sensory impulses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of summation and discription? |
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Definition
1) temporal-several stimuli and one receptor in a short time
2) spacial-several stimuli at different receptors at the same time |
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Term
| if the hypopolarization is suffcient what happens? |
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Definition
| an AP results and an sensory impulse is sent to the CNS |
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Term
| Types of general sense receptors(tactile) |
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Definition
1)meissner's corpuscles)-loc in the dermal papillae of the harless areas of the skin-consist of dentries w/i a thin CT sheath-respond to really light touch
2)Pacinian(lamellar) corpuscle-deep in the dermis and also in some visceral organs,joint capsules, skeletal muscles-consist of dendritesw/i a multi-layered CT sheath-respond the heavy pressure or vibrations
3)Free Nerve-mostly superficial tactile receptors-dendrites end as knobs bet. the cells of lower epidermis-also twine around the roots of hairs as hair root plexes-respondto bending of the hair. |
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Term
| Types of general sense receptors (pain)? |
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Definition
| free nerve endings principally and they respond to chemicals released from damaged tissues-found in most body tissues but are sparce in visceral organs-NONE IN THE BRAIN-MOST RESPOND TO STIMULI THAT ARE EXCESSIVE |
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Term
| What is sensory accomodation? |
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Definition
| a lessening of preception of a stimulus over time |
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Term
| What factors contribute to sesnory accomodation? |
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Definition
1)sensory adaptation by phasic receptors
2) "stimulus filtering" by cerebral cortex ie. it learns to disregard irrelevent stimuli |
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Term
| Do pain receptors show accomodation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pain originating in a visceral organ but perceived to originate from a specific site on skin-occurs b/c of shared nerve tracts to the brain. |
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Term
| Types of general sense receptors (thermoreceptors)? |
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Definition
are free nerve endings-are seperate receptors from heate and cold
heat above 25C
cold below 20C |
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Term
| Types of general sense receptors(proprioreceptors)? |
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Definition
1)neuromuscular spindles-consist of dendrites twined around skeletal muscle fiber-respond to stretching aof the fiber
2)neurotendinous-loc. where the muscle and tendo join-respond to tension in the tendon
3)Joint kinesietic receptors-loc. in join capsules of synovial joints-respond to joint mv't |
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Term
| List the types of general sense receptors. |
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Definition
1. Tactile
2.pain receptors
3.Thermoreceptors
4. proprioreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are olfactory receptors? |
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Definition
| modified cilia called olfactory hairs projectin from the dendrites of the bipolar neurons composing the nervelets of the olfacory nerve |
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Term
| Where do the olfactory nervelets pass thru? |
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Definition
| cribriform foramina to the olfactory lobes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are gustatory receptors? |
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Definition
| modified cilia(gustatory hairs-borne on specialized guatatory cells loc on microscopic "taste buds" on the epith of the tongue. |
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Term
| Where do gustatory receptors project thru? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 major types of papillae of the tongue? |
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Definition
1)circum vallate-round and flat w/ a groove at the base
2)filiform-blunt soft cones
3)fungiform-blunt knobs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is cataracts and what does it result from? |
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Definition
clouding of the lens
results from: tye trama,meds,uncontrolled DM, excessive UV exposure, age |
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Term
| What are the effects of cataracts and tx? |
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Definition
decreases visual activity,night blindness, halos around bright light, eventual blindness
TX: lens removal and replacement w/ a prostetic lens implant |
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Term
| What is glaucoma and what does it result from? |
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Definition
| increased intraocular pressure-from inproduction or inadequate drainage of the aqueous humor-causes retinal atrophy |
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Term
| What are the effects of glaucoma and tx? |
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Definition
| loss of vision-peripherally at first progresses tot he central field-GRADUAL-surgery,meds to decurese fluid production(beta blockers, carbonic angydrase inhibitors) |
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Term
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Definition
| age-related hardeneing of the lens |
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Term
| what are the effects of presbyopia and tx? |
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Definition
| reduces the ability to accomodate from close focus-starts at 35-40-reading glasses |
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Term
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Definition
1. superior rectus-CN #3
2. medial rectus-CN#3
3. inferior rectus-CN#3
4. inferior oblique-CN#3 oculomotor
5. superior oblique-CN#4 trochlear
6. lateral rectus-CN#6adbucens |
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Term
| How many types of photorecepors are in the retina? What are They? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-approx-100 million in the retina
-black and white image produced
-detect motionwell but acuity is poor
-proo acuity b/c on convergence in the rods from each rod to the bipolar cells and from bipolar cells to ganglion cells
-image is smeared out
-function better in dim light |
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Term
| Characteristics of Cones? |
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Definition
-approx 7 million in retina(most in the fovea centralis and around it(macula))
-color image
-acuity is great
-NO CONVERGENCE (not function well in dim light) |
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Term
| How many distinct types of cones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes color blindness? |
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Definition
| a genetic deficiency in one or another type of cones |
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Term
| by firing the ------ along with the --- in different ------, you can percieve the entire ------ ------. |
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Definition
1)cones
2)rods
3)combos
4) color
5)spectrum |
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Term
| What happens when a rod or cone in stimulated? |
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Definition
| causes hypopolarization in its membrane which spreads to the bipolar cells then to ganglion cells and if it is sufficent to reach threshold at the ganglion cells an AP is produced and a visual impulse is sent |
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Term
| What is the visual pigment in rods called? |
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Definition
| rhodopsin (combo of protein opsin w/ retinaldehyde(retinol) which is a derivative of vitamin A |
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Term
| what is derived from beta carotene? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the ------- state,before light hits, the ------- is in the -------- form and tightly bound to the opsin. when light hits it converts to ------form and --------- ----------- from the opsin. That change causes the change in membrane ------- that results in the ---------------. |
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Definition
1. unexcited
2. retinal
3. 11-cis
4. all-trans
5. partially
6. dissociates
7. permeability
8. hypopolarization |
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Term
| What is the bleaching rxn? |
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Definition
| when the rhodopsin chages color when light hits from deep purple to lighter yellow-orange |
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Term
| after excitation whe all trans retanol muct be what? Where must this occur? |
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Definition
| converted back to 11-cis or replaced with fresth 11-cis. Must occur in the DARK |
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Term
| all info from each side of the visual field is sent to the ---------- side of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the brain use to provide depth perception? |
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Definition
| in binocular field each eye sees an object from a different angle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the organ of hearing and equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whare are the accessory forgans for hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What directs sound into the ear canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the tympanum? |
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Definition
dobule layered membrane partician approx 1 cm in diameter. outer layer=stratifed squamous epith.
inner layer=columnar epith |
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Term
| What glands are in the ear? |
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Definition
| cerumincus-repels arthropods |
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Term
| What is an air filled chamber w/i the petrus part of the temporal bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| the middle ear connects w/ the ---------- via the -------- ------, it allows pressure --------- w/ exturnal enviroment. |
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Definition
1. nasopharynex
2.Eustachian
3. tube
4. equilization |
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Term
| What provides a solid conducting medium for vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens reflexivly in response to loud noises? |
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Definition
| Thee tensor tymani and the stapedius attach to the malleus and stapes respectively and contract to immobilize the ear ossicles to help protect the inner ear from damage. |
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Term
| What the two openings that connect the middle and inner ear and discription? |
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Definition
1. fenestra vestibuli(oval window)-covered by the foot of the stapes
2. fenestra cochleae(round window)-covered by a thin membrane |
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Term
| The inner ear is also known as the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the space between the walls of the bony labyrinth filled with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the space between the walls of the membranous labyrinth filled with? |
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Definition
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Term
| the inner ear is divided into 3 areas. whar are they? |
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Definition
1)semiciricular canals
2)vestibule
3)cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure waves caused by moving or vibrating objects |
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Term
| What are the two characteristics of sound waves? |
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Definition
1. wavelength-distance between crests-determins frequency (cycles per min=hertz)which determines pitch of sound
2. Amplitude-height of waves-determines loudness(decibels) |
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Term
| What is the frequency range that humans can hear? |
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Definition
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Term
| chronic exposure to sounds louder than 60-70Db will have what effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| airborne sounds waves striking the tympanum cause what? |
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Definition
| It to vibrate-actual displacement if minute |
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Term
| What are the receptors for equilibrium? |
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Definition
| hair cells similar to those of Organ of Corti |
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Term
| Where can the find the hair cells for equilibrium? |
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Definition
1. maculae in floor of saccule and utricle-respond to linear acceleration/elevation and depression of head
2. the smpullae of semicircular ducts-respond to rotational acceleration of head |
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Term
| What are the sensory hairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the hair cells in saccule and utricle embedded in? |
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Definition
| gelatinous substance w/CaC03 crystals called otoliths |
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Term
| Where are the hair cells in the ampullae of semicircular ducts loc.? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two basic regulatory mechanisms in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What controls the chemical regulation in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the secretions of endocrine glands called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 chemical classes of hormones? |
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Definition
1.steriods
2.amino acid derivatives
3.polypeptides
4.glycoproteins
5.prostaglandins |
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Term
| The inactive form of a hormone is often derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the active form is secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| when the precursor is actually secreted and converted to the active form at the target |
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Term
| Where are prehormones normally found? |
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Definition
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Term
| If prohormones are present in the blood at significant levels what does it indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones typically have a rel. short what? |
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Definition
| half-life in the circulation-usually a few hours |
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Term
| What is the primary determinate of circulating hormone levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| The actions of many hormones are -------- -----------. |
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Definition
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Term
| how levels of estrogen act? |
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Definition
low-triggers the initial release of FSH and LH at the beginning of menstral cycle
middle-causes sudden spike in FSH and LH triggers ovulation
high-(during pregnancy)inhibits FSH and LH release |
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Term
| normal responses to hormaone are seen at what? |
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Definition
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Term
| abnormal rsponses to a hormone are seen at what? |
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Definition
| pharmacological ranges of concentration |
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Term
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Definition
1.permissive effects-action of 1 hormone promotes the acction of another
2.synergistic effects-action of 2 or more hormones is necessary for a specific respone
3.antagonistic effects-involves hormones w/opposing actions |
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Term
| Hormones circulate throughout the body but ? |
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Definition
| only specific target cells or tissues will respond b/c the cells must have receptors specific to the hormone |
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Term
| what are the 3 possible locations for cellular receptors? |
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Definition
1)on cell membrane
2)in the cytoplasm
3)in the mucleus |
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Term
| Do hormones w/ membrane receptors enter the target cell? |
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Definition
| no-second messenger w/i the target cell |
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