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A&P II
The Blood
36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/08/2009

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Term
What are the functions of blood?
Definition
Transport, regulation, protection
Term
What are the most abundant cells of blood?
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
What types of white blood cells are there?
Definition
Monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil
Term
Granular leukocytes
Definition
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called granular leucocytes because all have cytoplasmic granules that are visible through a light microscope when stained.
Term
Agranular leukocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes and monocytes are called agranular leukocytes because the cytoplasmic granules are not visible under a light microscope because of their small size and poor staining qualities.
Term
Plasma
Definition
Liquid portion of blood; serum remains after plasma clots.
Term
3 major categories of plasma are:
Definition
Albumins: most abundant & important, produced by liver, contributes to viscosity. Globulins: Antibodies, provide immune system functions, produced by plasma cells. Fibrinogen: help form blood clots, produced by liver
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
RBCs; major function is gas transport; do not have organelles
Term
Carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
Definition
produces carbonic acid from CO(2) and
H(2)0 ( CO(2) makes blood more acidic); important role in gas transport and pH balance
Term
Heme Group
Definition
binds oxygen to ferrous ion Fe(2+)
Term
Globin
Definition
composed of four polypeptide chains, two alpha and two beta
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs
Term
Hemoglobin concentration of whole blood
Definition
men 13-18 g/dL; women 12-16 g/dL
Term
Formation of blood cells
Definition
Hemopoiesis: adults produce 400 bill platelets, 200 bill RBCs, and 10 bill WBCs everyday. Hemopoietic tissue produce blood cells; yolk sac produces stem cells
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
Production of RBCs; negative feedback regulation; main stimulus is hypoxia
Term
Nutritional needs for Erythropoiesis
Definition
Iron
Term
Erythrocyte production
Definition
Starts in the red bone marrow with a proerythroblast, which divides several times producing a colony-forming unit, then a erythroblast, which ejects its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte which develops into a mature red blood cell (erythrocyte) within 1 to 2 days.
Term
Erythrocyte disposal
Definition
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Excess in RBCs
Term
Anemia
Definition
inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin; pernicious anemia: inadequate vitamin B12; iron deficiency anemia, kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin, aplastic anemia, hemorrhagic anemias, hemolytic anemias
Term
Antigens
Definition
Unique molecules on cell surface. Foreign antigens generate immune response
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Secreted by plasma cells as part of immune respose to foreign matter.
Term
Agglutination
Definition
Clumping of the RBCs. Antigen-antibody response in which RBCs become cross-linked to one another
Term
ABO group
Definition
determined by presence or absence of antigens A and/or B on RBC surface
Term
Blood type A
Definition
A antigens, anti-B antibody
Term
Blood type B
Definition
B antigens, anti-A antibody
Term
Blood type AB
Definition
Both A and B antigents, no antibodies. Universal recipient
Term
Blood type O
Definition
Neither A nor B antigens, Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, Universal donor.
Term
Rh blood group
Definition
Opposing Rh blood in woman and fetus, 1st pregnancy ok, however during 1st pregnancy the woman will develop antibodies which will cross the placenta during the 2nd pregnancy and could cause hemolytic disease of newborn. RhoGAM vaccine which binds to the fetal agglutinogens could prevent this disease.
Term
Neutorphils
Definition
High count could mean bacterial infection; release antimicrobial chemicals
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
High count could indicate parasitic infections or allergies; releases enzymes to destroy paracytes
Term
Basophils
Definition
high count could indicate chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes; secrete histamine (vasodilator); secrete heparin (anticoagulant)
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
Hich count could indicate viral infections; destroy cells (cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells); present antigens to activate other immune cells
Term
Monocytes
Definition
high count could indicate viral infections
Term
Leukopoiesis
Definition
Formation of WBCs
Term
Platelets
Definition
Small fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
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