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A&P II
Anatomy Chapters 17-18
40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/21/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Nervous system (pg. 638)

1.Communicates by using ____________ and _________________

2.         Reacts _______

3.         Stops ________

Definition

1.   Electrical Impulses,Neurotransmitters 

2.    Quickly

3.    Quickly 

Term

Endocrine system

  1.         Communicates by ___________ release into the ________

      2.         Reacts more ________

                3.         Continue responding longer

Definition

1.   Hormones, Bloodstream

2.    Slowly 

Term

Endocrine gland

1.         Have no _____

      2.         Have dense blood capillary networks

3.         Cells release hormones into surrounding _____ fluid and then bloodstream picks up hormones

Definition

1.   Ducts

3.    Tissues

 

Term

Characteristics

                a.         _______ Messengers 

               b.         Secreted into the bloodstream

              c.         Stimulate the physiology of cells in                             another tissue or organ

Definition

1.   Chemical

3.    Stimulate 

Term

Steroid hormones – derived from _________

1)         Bind to ________    proteins

  2)         Penetrate the phospholipid plasma membrane

       3)         Receptors are associated w/the DNA in target cell
Definition

cholesterol

1.    transport

Term

Peptide hormones

  Chains of 3-200+ amino acids

1)         Circulates freely in the blood

2)         ________ penetrate into a target cell

  3)         Bind to cell surface receptors of target cell
Definition
2.   Cannot
Term

                Steroids and TH (pg.661)

a.         Hormone penetrates plasma membrane and ________

b.         Binds to a receptor associated with DNA and activates DNA transcription

c.         Leads to synthesis of _______  

Definition

1. Enters the Nucleus

3.    Proteins 

Term

Peptide (pg. 662)

a.         Hormone binds to a receptor, which activates a G protein

b.         G protein binds to and activates effector enzyme which generates the second messenger

c.         The second messenger then activates other enzymes which catalyze metabolic reactions

d.         Cyclic AMP, DAG, IP3 act as second messengers

Definition
Term

True or False

Specificity – The receptor for one hormone will bind to others

Definition

False

 

Specificity – The receptor for one hormone will not bind to others

Term

True or False 

Amplification – a single hormone can trigger the activation of many enzymes(amplifier)

Definition

True

 

Amplification – a single hormone can trigger the activation of many enzymes(amplifier)

Term

Target cell sensitivity adjustment (pg. 664)

1.         Up-regulation – cell increase number of receptors

2.         Down-regulation – cell reduces its receptors in response to long-term exposure of high hormone concentration
Definition

Hormone interactions

1.         Synergistic effect – two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects

2.         Permissive effect – one hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a second hormone

3.         Antagonistic effect – One hormone opposes the action of another

Term

Negative feedback inhibition (pg. 646)

1.         As hormone levels rise, they cause target organ effects and inhibit further hormone release

2.         Ex. High levels of T3/T4 à hypothalamus – decreases TRH à pituitary – decreases TSH à thyroid – decreases T3/T4

3.         Unused hormones are taken up by the liver and kidneys and excreted

Definition
Positive feedback – a hormone is secreted and feedback from the target cells stimulates increased hormone secretion (pg. 19)
Term

Hypo-thalamus

_____ 

Releasing and Inhibiting hormones

Anterior Pituitory

__-Promote hormone secretion

__-Stops hormone secretion

Definition

Hypo-thalamus

Brain floor

Releasing and Inhibiting hormones

Anterior Pituitory

RH-Promote hormone secretion

IH-Stops hormone secretion

Term

Pituitary

   Anterior

_____

 

(Sella Turcica) 

Growth hormone (GH)

 

 

Wide Spread

 

 

Growth, promotes mitosis and cellular differentiation

Definition

Pituitary

   Anterior

Brain(Sella Turcica)

Growth hormone (GH)

 

 

Wide Spread

 

 

Growth, promotes mitosis and cellular differentiation

Term

Pituitary Anterior

 

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroid Gland

_____________

 

Definition

Pituitary Anterior

 

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroid Gland

Stimulates growth of thyroid

 

Term

Pituitary Anterior

 

Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH)

______

Secretion of corti costeroids

 

Definition

Pituitary Anterior

 

Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal cortex

Secretion of corti costeroids

 

Term

Pituitary Anterior 

 

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

 

___

 

FM-stimulates development of eggs+estrogen

M-stimulates sperm production

 

Definition

Pituitary Anterior 

 

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

 

Female-Ovaries

Male-Testes

FM-stimulates development of eggs+estrogen

M-stimulates sperm production

 

  

Term

Pituitary Anterior

 

________

 

Ovaries

Testes

FM-stimulates ovulation, secretion of progesterone

M-Testosterone secretion

 

Definition

Pituitary Anterior

 

Luteinizing hormone

(LH)

 

Ovaries

Testes

FM-stimulates ovulation, secretion of progesterone

M-Testosterone secretion

 

Term

Pituitary Anterior 

 

Prolactin (PRL)

 

 

____

Stimulates milk synthesis

 

Definition

Pituitary Anterior 

 

Prolactin (PRL)

 

 

Mamary Gland

Stimulates milk synthesis

 

Term

Posterior

   Pituitary

Nerve fibers from hypothalamus

Oxytocin (OT)

 

 

 

Uterus, Mammary Glands

Stimulates ________

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

______

Stimulates water retention

Definition

Posterior

   Pituitary

Nerve fibers from hypothalamus

Oxytocin (OT)

 

 

 

Uterus, Mammary Glands

Stimulates labor contractions and milk release

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Kidneys

Stimulates water retention

Term

Thyroid

Below Layrnx

Thyroid hormones

(__ and __)

 

 

 

Most Cells

Increases body’s metabolic rate

Too much- skinny, fast hr, high bp

Too little-fat, tired, slow hr, low bp

Definition

Thyroid

Below Layrnx

Thyroid hormones

(T3 and T4)

 

 

 

Most Cells

Increases body’s metabolic rate

Too much- skinny, fast hr, high bp

Too little-fat, tired, slow hr, low bp

Term

Calcitonin

 

 

____

Promotes calcium deposition and bone formation (use when calcium concentration is high) Used to regulate blood calcium levels

Definition

Calcitonin

 

 

Bones

Promotes calcium deposition and bone formation (use when calcium concentration is high) Used to regulate blood calcium levels

Term

Parathyroid

______

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

 

 

Bones + kidneys

Raises blood calcium levels b increasing intestional calcium excretion, increases bone resorbtion, +urinary cal excretion

Definition

Parathyroid

Back surface of Thyroid

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

 

 

Bones + kidneys

Raises blood calcium levels b increasing intestional calcium excretion, increases bone resorbtion, +urinary cal excretion

Term

Diabetes Mellitus-

Definition

Getting rid of sugar(mellitus=honey)


 

 

Term

Diabetes Insipidus-

Definition
Getting rid of

water(insipidous=tasteless)

Term

_______

Middle gut(inferior and dorsal to stomach)

Glucagon

 

 

 

Liver

Stimluates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fat catabolism

(release when blood glucose levels are low, used to raise)

Definition

Pancreas

Middle gut(inferior and dorsal to stomach)

Glucagon

 

 

 

Liver

Stimluates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, fat catabolism

(release when blood glucose levels are low, used to raise)

Term

Pancreas

 

Insulin

 

 

 

 

_____

Stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synt. (release when blood glucose level is high)

 

Definition

Pancreas

 

Insulin

 

 

 

 

Most tissues

Stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids; promotes glycogen, fat, and protein synt. (release when blood glucose level is high)

 

 

Term

Pancreas

 

Somatostatin

 

Many Tissues

Inhibit digestive functions

 

Definition
Term

Adrenal

  Cortex

 

_____

 

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

 

Kidneys

Promotes _____ retention and potassium excretion

Definition

Adrenal

  Cortex

 

Superior to Kidneys

 

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

 

Kidneys

Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion

Term

Adrenal Cortex

 

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

 

 

 

Most tissues

Stimulate ___+___ catabolism, helps body adapt to stress

 

Definition

Adrenal Cortex

 

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

 

 

 

Most tissues

Stimulate fat and protein catabolism, helps body adapt to stress

 

Term

Adrenal Cortex

 

_________

 

Many Tissues

Growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive

 

Definition

Adrenal Cortex

 

Sex steroids

 

Many Tissues

Growth of pubic and axillary hair, bone growth, sex drive

 

Term

Adrenal

  Medulla

Superior to Kidneys

_________ and ___________

 

Most Tissues

Supplement effects of SNS

Definition

Adrenal

  Medulla

Superior to Kidneys

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

 

Most Tissues

Supplement effects of SNS

Term

Ovaries

Pelvic Cavity

__________

 

 

Many Tissues

Stimulates reproductive development, regulates menstrual cycle, prepares mammary glands (stimulates prolactin)

Definition

Ovaries

Pelvic Cavity

Estradiol

(Estrogen)

 

 

Many Tissues

Stimulates reproductive development, regulates menstrual cycle, prepares mammary glands (stimulates prolactin)

Term

Ovaries

 

_________

 

 

Uterus, Mammary Glands

Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary gland

 

Definition

Progesterone

 

 

Uterus, Mammary Glands

Regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary gland

Term

Testes

Pelvic Cavity

Testosterone

 

 

 

Many Tissues

________________

Definition

Testes

Pelvic Cavity

Testosterone

 

 

 

Many Tissues

Stimulates reproductive development in fetus and adolescent, stimulates sperm production.

Term

Pineal

Beneath posterior end of corpus collosum

________ – at night

________ – during day

Brain

Influences ____

Definition

Pineal

Beneath posterior end of corpus collosum

Melatonin – at night

Serotonin – during day

Brain

Influences mood

Term

Thymus

_________, superior to the heart

Thymosin and Thymopoietin

T-lymphocytes

Regulates development and activation of ____________

Definition

Thymus

Mediastinum, superior to the heart

Thymosin and Thymopoietin

T-lymphocytes

Regulates development and activation of T-lymphocytes

Term

Functions of circulatory system

1.         Transport of _____________________ 2.         Protection through inflammation, wbc, antibodies, platlets

  3.         Regulation by fluid exchange and buffering the pH of ECF(extra cellular
Definition

Functions of circulatory system

           1.    O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, stem cells, and heat

                        2.         Protection through inflammation, wbc, antibodies, platlets

                        3.         Regulation by fluid exchange and buffering the pH of ECF(extra cellular
Term

General properties

1.         Liquid ___________ tissue – composed of plasma and formed elements

2.         __ of body weight

3.         4-_ L in adults

4.         38o C-Transporting heat to surface to get it expelled

 5.         pH ______

Definition

1.   Connective

2.    8% 

3.    6

5.     7.35-7.45

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