Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A & P II
Lab A
268
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/06/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Endocrine System
Definition
second major controlling system of the body
Term
Hormones
Definition
a chemical substance liberated into the blood, which alters "target cells" metabolism in a specific manner; arouse the body's tissues and cells by stimulating changes in their metabolic activity
Term
Hormone producing glands
Definition
anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids
Term
Mixed (endocrine & exocrine) Glands
Definition
pancreas & gonads
Term
Tropic Hormones (definition)
Definition
stimulates its target organ, which is also an endocrine gland, to secrete its hormones
Term
Tropic Hormones (list)
Definition
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Term
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Definition
regulate gamete production and homronal activity of the gonads
Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Definition
regulates endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland
Term
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Definition
influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
Term
Growth Hormone (GH)
Definition
a general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining body size. It affects many tissues of the body; however, its major effects are exerted on the growth of muscle and the long bones of the body.
Term
Pituitary Dwarfism
Definition
results of hyposecretion of GH
Term
Acromegaly in adults or Gigantism in children
Definition
results of hypersecretion of GH
Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition
stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth; may stimulate testosterone production in males.
Term
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Definition
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL
Term
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Definition
Oxytocin, ADH
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and coitus and also causes milk ejection in the lactating mother.
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Definition
causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate, thereby reducing urine output and conserving body water; also plays a minor role in increasing blood pressure because of its vasoconstrictor effect on the arterioles.
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
result of hyposecretion of ADH and causes dehydration from excessive urine output & insatiable thirst.
Term
Edema, headache & disorientation
Definition
results from hypersecretion of ADH.
Term
Hormones of the Thryroid Gland
Definition
TH & Calcitonin
Term
Thryroid Gland
Definition
composed of two lobes joined by a central mass, or isthmus
Term
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
Definition
T4 (thyroxine) & T3 (tridiothyronine)primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation; affects virtually every cell in the body

T4 is really the main hormone here.
Term
Myxedema
Definition
result of hyposecretion of thyroxine (T4) which leads to mental and physical sluggishness
Term
elevated metabolic rate, nervousness, weight loss, sweating and irregular heartbeat
Definition
result of hypersecretion of thyroxine
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposits in the bones; acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone.
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
the most important regulator of calcium balance in the blood; when blood CA+ levels decrease below a certain level, this is released, which causes the release of calcium from bone matrix and prods the kidney to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate from the filtrate; also stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D.
Term
Tetany
Definition
result of hyposecretion of PTH; increases neural excitability and prolonged muscle spasms that can result in respiratory paralysis and death.
Term
loss of calcium from bones, causing defomation, softening and spontaneous fractures
Definition
results of hypersecretion of PTH
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
Term
Norepinephrine & epinephrine
Definition
act in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to elicit the fight or flight response to stressors
Term
3 hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Definition
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), gloucocorticoids (cortisone, hydrocortisone & cortocosterone), gonadocroticoids (androgens & estrogens)
Term
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone
Definition
regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubules
Term
Glucocorticoids (cortisone, hydrocortisone, corticosterone)
Definition
enable the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels
Term
Hirsutism
Definition
hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids produces abnormal hairiness and masculization
Term
Insulin
Definition
produced in pancreas and is stimulated by elevated blood glucose levels
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
hyposecretion of insulin or some deficiency in the insulin receptors leads to this and is characterized by the inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine.
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
hypersecretion of insulin causes low blood sugar- symptoms include anxiety, nervousness, tremors and weakness.
Term
Glucagon
Definition
acts antagonistically to insulin; its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels and its action is basically hyperglycemic; it stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release the glucose to the blood.
Term
Hormones of the gonads
Definition
Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone
Term
Estrogens
Definition
resoponsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty (primarily maturation of the reproductive organs and development of the breasts) and act with progesterone to brin about cyclic changes of the uterine lining that occur during the menstrual cycle.
Term
Progesterone
Definition
acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle; during pregnancy it maintains the uterine musculature in a quiescent state and helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, brings about the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, and is responsible for the sexual drive.
Term
Thymus
Definition
bilobed gland sin the superior thorax, begins to atrophy at puberty and by old age is relatively inconspicuous; produces thymosin and thymopoietin
Term
Thymosin & Thymopoietin
Definition
help direct the maturation and specialization of a unique population of white blood cells called T lymphocytes, or T cells. T cells are responsible for the cellular immunity aspect of body defense; that is, rejection of foreign grafts, tumors or virus-infected cells
Term
Melatonin
Definition
produced in the pineal gland
Term
Follicles
Definition
spherical sacs, found in the thyroid gland, containing a pink-stained material (colloid). Stored T3 & T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the folligles as THYROIDGLOBULIN and are released gradually to the blood.

These are surrounded by purple staining follicle cells that synthesize the follicular products. The PARAFOLLICULAR, or C, Cells you see btween the follicles are responsible for calcitonin.
Term
Chief Cells
Definition
synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH); small and abundant & arranged in thick branching cords.
Term
Oxyphil cells
Definition
found in parathyroid gland; function unknown.
Term
Alpha Cells
Definition
found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans); stain red; produce glucagon
Term
Beta Cells
Definition
found in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans); stain gray-blue; synthesize insulin
Term
Acidophil Cells
Definition
found in anterior pituitary gland; stain reddish brown; produce growth hormone & prolactin
Term
Basophil cells
Definition
found in anterior pituitary gland; stain deep blue; produce tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH & LH)
Term
Chromophobes
Definition
found in anterior pituitary gland; do not stain and appear rather dull & colorless; role is controversial, but they apparently are not directly involved in hormone production
Term
Pituicytes
Definition
found in the posterior pituitary; glial cells which are randomly distributed among the nerve fibers
Term
Zona Glomerulosa
Definition
outermost layer of the adrenal gland, where most mineralocorticoid production occurs and where tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical clusters.
Term
Zona Fasciculata
Definition
deeper intermediate layer of the adrenal gland, which produces glucocorticoids. This is the thickest part of the cortex and its cells are arranged in parallel cords.
Term
Zona Reticularis
Definition
innermost cortical layer of the adrenal gland, abutting the medulla, which produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids; cells stain intensely and forma a branching network.
Term
2 major molecular groups which hormones belong to
Definition
amino acid- based molecules and the steroids
Term
Target Organ
Definition
organ which responds to a particular hormone in a specific way
Term
thyroid
Definition
located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
Term
adrenal gland
Definition
found close to the kidney
Term
pancreas
Definition
a mixed gland , located close to the stomach and small intestine
Term
testes
Definition
paired glands suspended in the scrotum
Term
parathyroids
Definition
ride "horseback" on the thyroid gland
Term
ovaries
Definition
found in the pelvic cavity of the female; concerned with ova and female hormone production
Term
thymus
Definition
found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
Term
pineal body
Definition
found in the roof of the third ventricle
Term
thymosin from thymus
Definition
Programming of T lymphocytes
Term
calcitonin from parathyroid gland
and
PTH from thrydoid gland
Definition
regulate blood calcium levels
Term
epinephrine from adrenal medulla
and
cortisone from adrenal cortex
Definition
released in response to stressors
Term
estrogens from ovaries
and
testosterone from testes
Definition
drive development of secondary sexual characteristics
Term
ACTH, FSH, TSH and LH from anterior pituitary
Definition
regulate the function of another endocrine gland
Term
epinephrine from adrenal medulla
Definition
mimics the sympathetic nervous system
Term
glucagon & insulin from the pancreas
Definition
regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland
Term
estrogens & progesterone from ovaries
Definition
directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle
Term
ADH from hypothalamus
aldosterone from adrenal cortex
Definition
maintenance of salt and water balance in the extracellular fluid
Term
oxytocin from posterior pituitary
prolactin from anterior pituitary
Definition
directly involved in milk production and ejection
Term
ADH
Definition
stimulated by the nervous system (neurotransmitters or neurosecretions)
Term
aldosterone
Definition
stimulated by humoral factors (concentration of specific non hormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid)
Term
estrogens
Definition
stimulated by another hormone
Term
insulin
Definition
stimulated by humoral factors (concentration of specific non hormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid)
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
stimulated by the nervous system (neurotransmitters or neurosecretions)
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
stimulated by humoral factors (concentration of specific non hormonal substances in the blood or extracellular fluid)
Term
T4/T3
Definition
stimulated by another hormone
Term
T4/T3
Definition
stimulated by another hormone
Term
testosterone
Definition
stimulated by another hormone
Term
TSH, FSH
Definition
stimulated by the nervous system (neurotransmitters or neurosecretions)
Term
tetany
Definition
inadequate amounts of PTH
Term
excessive diuresis w/o high blood gluclose levels
Definition
inadequate ADH levels
Term
loss of glucose in the urine
Definition
inadequate insulin
Term
abnormally small stature, normal proportions
Definition
inadequate amounts of GH
Term
low BMR, mental and physical sluggishness
Definition
inadequate T4/T3
Term
large hands and feet in the adult, large facial bones
Definition
excessive GH
Term
nervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating
Definition
excessive T4/T3
Term
demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures
Definition
excessive PTH
Term
calcitonin
Definition
produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid
Term
GH, Prolactin
Definition
produced by the acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Term
glucagon
Definition
produced by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
produced by the zona fasciculata cells
Term
insulin
Definition
produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets
Term
mineralocorticoids
Definition
produced by the zona glomerulosa cells
Term
PTH
Definition
produced by the chief cells of the parathyroid
Term
T4/T3
Definition
produced by the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid
Term
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
Definition
produced by the basophil cells of the anterior pituitary
Term
epididymis
Definition
provides a site for immature sperm to complete their maturation process
Term
spermatic cord
Definition
blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels & ductus deferens enclosed in a connective tissue sheath
Term
sperm production & testerone production
Definition
2 principal functions of the testis
Term
penis
Definition
copulatory organ/penetrating device
Term
ductus (vas) deferens
Definition
muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord
Term
spongy urethra
Definition
transports both sperm and urine
Term
epididymus
Definition
sperm maturation site
Term
scrotum
Definition
location of the testis in adult males
Term
prepuce
Definition
loose fold of skin encircling the glans penis
Term
membranous urethra
Definition
portion of the urethra between the prostate and the penis
Term
prostate
Definition
empties a secretion into the prostatic urethra
Term
bulbourethral gland
Definition
empties a secretion into the membranous urethra
Term
composition of semen
Definition
sperm & the alkaline secretions of the prostate, bulbourthral glands, and seminal vessicles
Term
pathway of sperm
Definition
seminiferous tubules-> rete testis-> epididymis-> ductus deferens
Term
female external genitalia
Definition
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal & urethral openings, hymen, greater vestibular glands
Term
uterus
Definition
site of fetal development
Term
vagina
Definition
copulatory canal
Term
uterine tube
Definition
"fertilized egg" typically formed here
Term
clitoris
Definition
becomes erect during sexual excitement
Term
uterine tube
Definition
duct extending superolaterally from uterus
Term
hymen
Definition
partially closes the vaginal canal; a membrane
Term
ovary
Definition
produces oocytes, estrogens and progesterones
Term
fimbriae
Definition
fingerlike ends of the uterine tube
Term
ovulation
Definition
ejection of an egg (oocyte) from the ovary
Term
Name the 3 layers of the uterine wall from the inside out
Definition
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
Term
Which layer of the uterine wall contracts during child birth?
Definition
myometrium
Term
Gametosgenesis
Definition
the process of gamete formation, involving reduction of the chromosome number by half
Term
Homologous chromosomes
Definition
egg and sperm chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits
Term
Zygote
Definition
when the sperm and egg fuse to form a fertilized egg
Term
Diploid (2n)
Definition
containing 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (total of 46 chromosomes)
Term
Meiosis
Definition
a specialized type of nuclear division to produce gametes with the haploid chromosomal number; occurs in the ovaries and testes during gametogenesis
Term
Haploid (n)
Definition
half the number of normal chromosomes as seen in all other body cells (23 non paired chromosomes)
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
produces 4 haploid daughter cells
Term
Synapsis
Definition
duplicated homologous chromosomes pair up so that they become closely aligned along their entire length (during meiosis I)
Term
Tetrads
Definition
groupings of 4 chromosomes
Term
Crossover/Chiasmata
Definition
when treats form and become attached to the spindle fibers, aligning themselves along the spindle equator. While in synapsis, the "arms" of adjacent homologous chromosomes coil around each other
Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
human sperm production; begins at puberty and continues without interruption throughout life; occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Term
Spermatogonia
Definition
primitive stem cells found at the tubule periphery, divide extensively to build up the stem cell line. Before puberty, all divisions are mitotic divisions that produce more spermatogonia. At puberty, under the influence of FSH secreted by ant. pit. gland, each mitotic division of a spermatogonium produces one spermatogonium and one primary spermatocyte.
Term
Primary Spermatocyte
Definition
undergoes meiosis, becoming spermatids
2n->n
Term
Spermatids
Definition
haploid cells that are the result of spermatogenesis and are not functional gametes. They are non motile cells and have too much excess baggage to function well in a reproductive capacity.
Term
Spermiogenesis
Definition
follows meiosis; strips away the extraneous cytoplasm from the spermatid, converting it to a motile, streamlined sperm.
Term
Sustenticular, or Sertoli, Cells
Definition
nourish the spermatids as they begin their transformation into sperm
Term
Interstitial Cells (Leydig cells)
Definition
these cells produce testosterone
Term
Mature Sperm
Definition
streamilined cell equipped with an organ of locomotion and a high rate of metabolism that enable it to move long distances very quickly.
Term
Acrosome
Definition
contains enzymes involved in sperm penetration of the egg
Term
Antrum
Definition
fluid filled space (central cavity) in the secondary follicle & vesicular follicle
Term
Granulosa cells
Definition
surrounding the oocyte (more than one layer of cells)
Term
Follicle Cells
Definition
one layer of cells surrounding the ovum
Term
Primordial Follicles
Definition
The ova before birth, surrounded by squamouslike follicle cells.
Term
Germinal epithelium
Definition
outermost layer of the ovary
Term
Primary follicle
Definition
one of a few layers of cuboidal follicle cells surrounding the larger central developing ovum
Term
Secondary (growing) follicles
Definition
follicles consisting of several layers of follicle (granulosa) cells surrounding the central developing ovum, and beginning to show evidence of fluid accumulation and antrum formation. This may take more than one cycle.
Term
Vescicular (Graafian) follicle
Definition
At this stage of development, the follicle has a large antrum containing fluid produced by the granulosa cells. The developing secondary oocyte is pushed to one side of the follicle and is surrounded by a capsule of several layers of granulosa cells called the corona radiata.
Term
Corona radiata
Definition
cells surrounding the vesicular follicle
Term
Corpus luteum
Definition
A solid glandular structure or a structure containing a scalloped lumen that develops from the ruptured follicle.
Term
Mestrual Cycle
Definition
hormonally controlled by estrogens and progesterone secreted by the ovary' divided into 3 stages
Term
3 stages of Menstrual Cycle
Definition
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
Term
Menstrual Phase (menses)
Definition
Approximately days 1-5; sloughing off of the thick functional layer of the endometrial lining; accompanied by bleeding
Term
Proliferative Phase
Definition
approximately days 6-14; under the influence of estrogens produced by the growing follicle of the ovary; endometrium is repaired; glands & blood vessels proliferate; endometrium thickens; ovulation occurs at the end
Term
Secretory phase
Definition
Approximately days 15-28; under the influence of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum; vascular supply to the endometrium increases further; glands increase in size & begin to secrete nutrient substances;
Term
dyads are visible
Definition
meiosis only
Term
tetrads are visible
Definition
both mitosis and meiosis
Term
product is 2 diploid daughter cells genetically identical to the mother cell
Definition
mitosis only
Term
product is 4 haploid daughter cells quantitatively and qualitatively different from the mother cell
Definition
meiosis only
Term
involves the phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Definition
both mitosis and meiosis
Term
occurs throughout the body
Definition
mitosis only
Term
occurs only in the ovaries and testes
Definition
meiosis only
Term
provides cells for growth and repair
Definition
mitosis only
Term
homologues synapse; chiasmata are seen
Definition
meiosis only
Term
chromosomes are replicated before the division process begins
Definition
both mitosis and meiosis
Term
provides cells for replication of the species
Definition
meiosis only
Term
consists of 2 consecutive nuclear divisions, without chromosomal replication occurring before the second division
Definition
meiosis
Term
secondary spermatocyte
Definition
haploid, product of meiosis
Term
spermatogonium
Definition
primitive stem cell
Term
sustentacular cell
Definition
provides nutrients to developing sperm
Term
spermatid
Definition
haploid, product of meiosis
Term
sperm
Definition
haploid, product of spermiogenesis
Term
Spermatogenesis vs. Spermiogensis
Definition
Formation of haploid gametes by the male & sloughing off excessive cytoplasm to form a motile functional sperm
Term
How many primary oocytes are there once a girl is born?
Definition
approximately 2 million
Term
What is the major hormone produced by the vesicular follicle
Definition
estrogen
Term
What are the major hormones produced by the corpus luteum?
Definition
estrogen & progesterone.
Term
oogonium
Definition
forming part of the primary follicle in the ovary
Term
secondary oocyte
Definition
in the uterine tube before fertilization, in the mature vesicular follicle of the ovary
Term
ovum
Definition
in the uterine tube shortly after sperm penetration
Term
The final product of oogenesis?
Definition
one ovum and 3 polar bodies
Term
Produced by primary follicles in the ovary
Definition
FSH
Term
ovulation occurs after its burstlike release
Definition
LH
Term
exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion
Definition
estrogen & progesterone
Term
exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion
Definition
estrogen & progesterone
Term
stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone & estrogen
Definition
LH
Term
stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary
Definition
estrogen
Term
maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman
Definition
LH
Term
5-6 L in adult Males & 4-5 L in adult females
Definition
average volume of blood in the body
Term
Blood
Definition
classified as a type of connective tissue because it consists of a nonliving fluid matrix in which living cells are suspended
Term
Plasma
Definition
nonliving fluid matrix; over 90% water; 55% of whole blood
Term
Formed Elements
Definition
living cells found in blood; 3 different types- eythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets; constitue 45% of whole blood
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells, anucleate disc, salmon colored; sacs of hemoglobin molecules that transport the bulk of the oxygen carried in the blood; 4-6 million
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells, spherical, nucleated cells; part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system; 4,800-10,800
Term
Platelets
Definition
function in hemostasis (blood clot formation), discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple; 150k-400k
Term
7.35-7.45
Definition
pH level of blood
Term
Constituents of Plasma
Definition
water, salts (electrolytes), proteins

substances transported by blood:
nutrients, waste products of metabolism, respiratory gases, hormones
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Term
Neutrophil cells
Definition
nucleus multilobed; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules; 3,000-7,000
phagocytize bacteria; number increases exponentially during acute infections
Term
Eosinophil cells
Definition
Bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules; 100-400; kills parasitic worms; destroys antigen-antibody complexes; inactivates some inflammatory chemicals of allergy
Term
Basophil cells
Definition
lobed mucleus; large blue-purple cytoplasmic granules; 20-50; releases histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contains heparin, an anticoagulant
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes & Monocytes
Term
Lymphocyte
Definition
Nuclues spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm; 1500-3000; mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
Term
Monocytes
Definition
U-shaped or Kidney-shaped nucleus; gray blue cytoplasm; 100-700; phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissues
Term
Formed Elements of Blood
Definition
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Granulocytes, Agranulocytes, Platelets
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
ability to move in and out of blood vessels (leukocytes are able to do this)
Term
Amoeboid motion
Definition
ability to wander through body tissues to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction (leukocytes use this)
Term
List leukocytes in order from the most abundant to the least abundant
Definition
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas-
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
an abnormally high WBC count, may indicate bacterial or viral infection, metabolic disease, hemorrhage, or poisoning by drugs or chemicals.
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
decrease in WBC count (below 4,000/mm3) may indicate typhoid fever, measles, infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis, tuberculosis, or excessive antibiotic or X-ray Tx.
Term
Leukemia
Definition
a malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal WBCs accompanied by a reduction in the number of RBCs and platelets, is detctable not only by a total WBC count but also a differential WBC count.
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
increase in number of RBCs, may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes where less oxygen is available.
Term
Anemia
Definition
a decrease in the number of RBCs
Term
Differential WBC count
Definition
100 WBCs are counted and classified according to type; routine in physical exam and in diagnosing illness, since any abnormality or significant elevation in percentages of WBC types may indicate a problem or the source of pathology.
Term
Conducting a Differential WBC Count
Definition
Percent = #observed/Total #counted (100) x 100
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
Packed Cell Volume (PCV); routinely determined when anemia is suspected
Normal Values-
47(+-7) males
42 (+-5) females
Term
Hemoglobin Concentration
Definition
RBC protein responsible for oxygen transport
Heme=iron-containing portion
Term
Bleeding time
Definition
2-7 minutes (Ivy Method) or 0-5 minutes (Duke Method); how long bleeding lasts; tests ability of platelets to stop bleeding in capillaries & small vessels
Term
Blood Clotting or Coagulation time
Definition
a protective mechanism that minimizes blood loss when blood vessels are reuptured; normally 2-6 minutes
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
1. The injured tissues and platelets release tissue factor (TF) and PF3 respectively, which trigger the clotting mechanism, or cascade.
2. TF & PF interact with other blood protein clotting factors and CA+ to form prothrombin activator, which in turn converts prothrombin to thrombin.
3. Thrombin acts enzymatically to polymerize the soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork of strands that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot.
Term
Blood typing
Definition
blood classification based on the presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane.

the factors routinely typed for are antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups which are most commonly involved in transfusion reactions.
Term
Antigens
Definition
proteins in blood; also called agglutinogens; genetically determined
Term
Antibodies/Agglutinins
Definition
react with RBCs bearing different antigens, causing them to be clumped and eventually hemolyzed.
Term
Blood type A
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- A
Antibodies present in plasma- Anti-B
40% white
27% black
28% Asian
Term
Blood type B
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- B
Anitbodies present in plasma- Anti-A
11% white
20% black
27% Asian
Term
Blood Type AB
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- A & B
Anitbodies present in plasma- none
4% white
4% black
5% Asian
Term
Blood Type O
Definition
Antigens present on RBC membranes- neither
Anitbodies present in plasma- Anti-A and Anti-B
47% white
49% black
40% Asian
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
the disease process in which the body's blood vessels become increasingly occluded by plaques. Because the plaques narrow the arteries, they can contribute to hypertensive heart disease. They also serve as focal points for the formation of blood clots (thrombi), which may break away and block smaller vessels farther downstream in the circulatory pathway and cause heart attacks or strokes.
Term
Normal cholesterol level
Definition
130-200 mg per 100 ml of plasma
Term
What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick red?
Definition
The amount of O2 it's carrying; more O2= brighter red
Term
neutrophils
Definition
most numerous leukocyte
Term
red blood cell
Definition
also called an erythrocyte; anucleate formed element
Term
monocytes & neutrophils
Definition
actively phagocytic leukocytes
Term
monocytes & lymphocytes
Definition
agranulocytes
Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
ancestral cell of platelets
Term
eosiophil
Definition
number rises during parasite infections
Term
basophil
Definition
releases histamine; promotes inflammation
Term
lymphocyte
Definition
many formed in lymphoid tissue
Term
red blood cell
Definition
transports oxygen
Term
plasma
Definition
primarily water, noncellular; the fluid matrix of blood
Term
monocyte
Definition
increases in number during prolonged infections
Term
4 classes of nutrients found in plasma
Definition
sugar, amino acids, lipids and vitamins
Term
2 gases found in plasma
Definition
Oxygen & carbon dioxide
Term
3 ions found in plasma
Definition
Na+, Cl-, Mg2+ (HCO3-)
Term
Describe the consistency and color of plasma
Definition
viscous & sticky; straw colored
Term
100-120 days
Definition
average life span of RBCs
Term
leukocytosis
Definition
abnormal increase in the number of WBCs
Term
polysythemia
Definition
abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
Term
anemia
Definition
condition of too few RBCs or of RBCs with hemoglobin deficiencies
Term
leukopenia
Definition
abnormal decrease in the number of WBC
Term
Erythropoiesis
Definition
RBC production
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
hormone that stimulates RBC production
Term
Why might patients with kidney disease suffer from anemia? How are they treated?
Definition
When kidneys fail, they also do not produce enough erythropoietin for erythropoiesis. The can be given genetically engineered erythropoietin (EPO)
Term
Anticoagulant
Definition
substance that inhibits blood clotting
Term
Heparin
Definition
the body's natural anticoagulant
Term
Macrocytic hypochromic anemia
Definition
lack of vitamin B12
Term
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Definition
iron-deficient diet or a bleeding ulcer
Term
Sickle cell anemia
Definition
genetic defect that causes hemoglobin to become sharp/spiky
Term
Lymphocytic leukemia (chronic)
Definition
a type of bone marrow cancer
Term
Eosinophilia
Definition
a tapeworm infestation in the body
Supporting users have an ad free experience!