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A & P II
Chapter 20
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/12/2010

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Term
Three parts of cardiovascular system
Definition
Blood, heart, blood vessels
Term
# of miles of blood vessels
Definition
60,000
Term
# of miles of blood vessels
Definition
60,000
Term
heart location
Definition
between vertebral column and sternum, compressions can force blood out of heart into circulationbetween lungs in mediastinum, 2/3 of mass to left of midline
Term
pericardium
Definition
encloses heart, inner: serous, outer: fibrous
Term
serous pericardium
Definition
parietal and visceral layer
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium, potential space fill with pericardial fluid, reduces friction between two membranes
Term
pericardities
Definition
inflammation of pericardium
Term
cardiac tamponade
Definition
bleeding into pericardial cavity that compresses heart, potentially lethal
Term
layers of heart
Definition
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Term
epicardium
Definition
consists of mesothelium and connective tissue
Term
myocardities and endocarditis
Definition
inflammation of myocardium and endocardium
Term
heart chambers
Definition
two upper atria
two lower ventricles
Term
auricles and sulci
Definition
auricles small pouches on anterior surface of each atrium that increases capacity
sulci - grooves that contain blood vessels and fat and separate the chambers
Term
right atrium
Definition
receives blood for superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinum
Term
fossa ovalis
Definition
in septum separating the right and left atria, oval depression, remnant of foramen ovale
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
blood passes from right atrium into right ventricle
Term
right ventricle
Definition
forms most of the anterior surface of the heart
Term
pulmonary semilunar valve
Definition
blood passes from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk through this valva
Term
left atrium
Definition
receives blood from pulmonary veins
Term
bicuspid/mitral valve
Definition
blood passes from left atrium to left ventricle through this valve
Term
left ventricle
Definition
forms apex of heart
Term
aortic semilunar valve
Definition
blood passes from left ventricle through the this valve into the aorta
Term
ductus arteriosus
Definition
during fetal life, this shunts blood from pulmonary trunk into aorta. At birth it closes and becomes ligamentum arteriosum.
Term
atria myocardial walls
Definition
thin because they deliver blood to ventricles
Term
ventrical myocardial walls
Definition
thicker pump blood greater distances
Term
right ventricle walls
Definition
thinner than left, pump blood into lungs, close by and little resistance
Term
left ventricle walls
Definition
thicker than right, pump blood through body, resistance is greater
Term
fibrous skeleton of heart
Definition
forms foundation where heart valves attach, points of insertion for cardiac muscle bundles, prevents overstretching of valves, electrical insulator that prevents direct spread of action potentials from atria to ventricles
Term
valves function
Definition
open and close in response to pressure changes as heart contracts and relaxes
Term
atrioventricular (AV) valves
Definition
prevent blood flow from ventricles back into atria
Term
atrioventricular (AV) valves
Definition
prevent blood flow from ventricles back into atria
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
contract and tighten chordae tendiae which prevents valve cusps from everting and causing back flow
Term
semilunar (SL)valves
Definition
allow ejection of blood from heart into arteries but prevent back flow of blood into ventricles
Term
semilunar valves open
Definition
when pressure in the ventricles exceeds pressure in the arteries
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
left side of heart, it pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs out into vessels of the body
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
right side of heart is the pump, receives deoxygenated blood from body and sends it to lungs for oxygenation
Term
coronary (cardiac) circulation
Definition
flow of blood through many vessels that pierce myocardium of heart
Term
right and left coronary arteries
Definition
principal arteries, branch from ascending aorta and carry oxygenated blood
Term
coronary sinus
Definition
deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via this principal vein
Term
reperfusion damage
Definition
damage when blood flow is restored after heart attack, due to free radicals
Term
myocardial ischemia
Definition
weakened heart cells due to low levels of oxygen carried to myocardium, if permanent called MI, heart attack
Term
cardiac muscle fibers
Definition
shorter in length and larger in diameter than skeletal, squarish in transverse section, exhibit branching
Term
cardiac muscles compared to skeletal
Definition
same arrangement of actin and myosin, same bands, zones, Z discs, less sarcolasmic reticulum and require Ca +2 for contraction from extracellular fluid
Term
atrial and ventricular networks
Definition
fibers within networks connected by intercalcated discs, desmosomes and gap junctions, discs allow fibers to work together to each network is functional unit.
Term
autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells
Definition
self excitable, generate spontaneous action potentials that trigger heart contractions, form conduction system, route to propagate action potential through heart muscle
Term
pacemaker
Definition
cardiac autorhythmic muscle cells, set rhythm for heart
Term
sinoartrial (SA) node
Definition
pacemaker
Term
components of the conduction system, autorhythmic cells
Definition
sinoartrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV)node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of HIS) right and left bundle branches, conduction myofibers (purkinje fibers)
Term
heartbeat modifications
Definition
from signals from autonomic nervous system
hormones (epinephrineP can change rate and strength but do not establish fundamental rhythm.
Term
impulse in ventricular contractile fiber
Definition
characterized by rapid depolarization, plateau and repolarization
Term
refractory period in cardiac muscle fiber
Definition
longer than contraction itself, the time interval when a second contraction cannot be triggered
Term
ATP production in cardiac muscle
Definition
relies on aerobic cellular respiration for ATO production
it also produces some from creatine phosphate
Term
Creatine Kinase (CK)
Definition
presence in blood indicates injury of cardiac muscle usually MI
Term
EKG
Definition
impulse conduction through heart generates electrical currents, ekg records electrical changes during each cardiac cycle/heartbeat
helps determine if conduction pathway is abnormal , if heart is enlarges, if certain regions are damaged
Term
normal EKG
Definition
P - wave
QRS complex
T wave
Term
P wave
Definition
atrial depolarization, spread of impulse from SA node over atria
Term
QRS complex
Definition
ventricular depolarization, spread of impulses through ventricals
Term
T wave
Definition
ventricular repolarization
Term
P-Q (PR) interval
Definition
represents conduction time from beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
Term
S-T segment
Definition
represents time when ventricular contractile fibers are fully depolarized during plateau phase of the impulse
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
systole/contraction
diastole/relaxation of both atria rapidly followed by systole and diastole of both ventricles
Term
pressure and volume changes during cardiac cycle
Definition
during cycle atria and ventricles alternately contract and relax forcing blood from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure
Term
auscultation
Definition
listening to sounds within the body
Term
sound of heartbeat
Definition
comes from turbulence in blood flow caused by closure of valves
Term
first heart sound
Definition
lubb, blood turbulence associated with closing of the atriventricular valves after ventricular systole begins
Term
second heart sound
Definition
dupp
closing of the semilunar vaves close to end of ventricular systole
Term
heart murmur
Definition
abnormal sound of flow noise heard before, between, or after lubb-dupp or masks normal sounds
some caused by turbulent blood flow around valves due to abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow.
Term
cardiac output(C)
Definition
volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute
Term
cardiac output calculation
Definition
stroke volume (volume of blood ejected by ventricle with each contraction) multiplied by heart rate (number of beats per minute)
Term
cardiac reserve
Definition
ratio between the maximum cardiac output a person can achieve and the cardiac output at rest
Term
preload
Definition
regulates stroke volume, the degree of stretch in the heart before it contracts
Term
contractility
Definition
forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers
Term
afterload
Definition
pressure that must be exceeded if ejection of blood from ventricles is to occur
Term
Frank-Starlimng law of the heart
Definition
a greater preload (stretch) on cardiac fibers just before they contract increases their force of contraction during systole.
The Frank-Starling law of the heart equalizes the output of the right and left ventricles and keeps the same volume of blood flowing to the systemic and pulmonary circulations
Term
myocardial contractility
Definition
strength of contraction at any given preload is affected by positive and negative inotropic agents,
Term
positive/negative inotropic agents
Definition
increase and decrease contractility
Term
constant preload
Definition
stroke volume increases when positive inotropic agents are present and decreases when negative inotropic agents are present
Term
afteroload
Definition
the pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can be open
Term
CHF
Definition
blood begins to remain in the ventricles increasing the preload and ultimately causing overstretching of heart and less forceful contractions
Term
regulation of heart rate
Definition
changing heart rate is body's principal mechanism of short term control over cardiac output and blood pressure
Term
factors of regulation of heart beat
Definition
Autonomic
Chemical
age, gender, physical fitness, temperature
Term
Autonomic
Definition
Nervous control medulla oblongata's cardiovascular center
Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors monitor factors that influence heart rate
Sympathetic impulses increase heart rate and force of contractyion
Parasympathetic impulses decrease heart rate
Term
factors of regulation of heart beat
Definition
Autonomic/ cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata
Chemical: hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid
Ions: Na+, Ca+2, K+
age, gender, physical fitness, temperature
Term
Heart development
Definition
develops from mesoderm before the end of the third week of gestation
Endothelial tubes develop into 4 chambered heart and great vessels of heart
Term
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Definition
heart muscle receives an inadequate amount of blood due to obstruction of blood suppy. Leading cause of death in US, principal causes of obstruction: atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, clot in coronary artery.
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
process in which smooth muscle cells proliferate and fatty substances, cholesterol and triglycerides (neutral fats) accumulate in wasll of medium and large arteries in response to certain stimuli such as endothelial damage
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