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A/P I: CNS Part IV
Cranial Nerves and Spinal Cord
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/11/2009

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Cards

Term
Three functions that cranial nerves may have one or more of...
Definition

Sensory

Somatic Motor

Parasympathetic

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve I and what it innervates
Definition

Olfactory

 

Sensory-olfaction

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve II and what it innervates
Definition

Optic

 

Sensory-visual

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve III and what it innervates
Definition

Oculomotor

 

Somatic motor - 6 extrinsic eye muscles

Parasympathetic - iris and lens of eye

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve IV and what it innervates
Definition

Trochlear

 

Somatic motor-extrinsic eye muscles

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve V and what it innervates
Definition

Trigeminal

 

Somatic motor - muscles of mastication, palatine muscle, and pharyngeal muscles

Sensory - cutaneous sensation

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve VI and what it innervates
Definition

Abducens

 

Somatic motor - extrinsic eye muscle

Term
Name of Cranial nerve VII and what it innervates
Definition

Facial

 

Somatic motor-muscles of facial expression

Sensory - taste

Parasympathetic - salivary and lacrimal glands

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve VIII and what it innervates
Definition

Vestibulocochlear

 

Sensory - hearing and balance

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve IX and what it innervates
Definition

Glossopharyngeal

 

Sensory - taste and tactile

Parasympathetic - parotid salivary glands

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve X and what it innervates
Definition

Vagus

 

somatic motor - pharynx, palate, larynx

Sensory - chemoreceptors, thoracic and abdominal organs

parasympathetic - thoracic and abdominal organs

 

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve XI and what it innervates
Definition

Accessory

 

Somatic motor-spinal component

sensory - proprioception

Term
Name of Cranial Nerve XII and what it innervates
Definition

Hypoglossal

 

Somatic motor - tongue and pharynx

 

Sensory - proprioception

 

 

Term
Posterior gray matter section of spinal cord.
Definition
Posterior horn
Term
Anterior gray matter section of spinal cord
Definition
Anterior horn
Term
Posterior white matter of the spinal cord
Definition
Dorsal column
Term
Anterior white matter of spinal cord
Definition
Ventral column
Term
Indentation on the middle of the posterior spinal cord.
Definition
Posterior median sulcus
Term
Indentation on the middle anterior portion of the spinal cord
Definition
Anterior median fissure
Term
dorsal root
Definition
section of spinal nerve that is attached to the posterior section of the spinal cord
Term
white matter on the sides of the spinal cord
Definition
lateral columns
Term
gray matter between the posterior and anterior horn
Definition
lateral horn
Term
connects two halves of gray matter in the spinal cord
Definition
gray commissure
Term
connects two halves of white matter in the spinal cord
Definition
white commissure
Term
ventral root
Definition
spinal nerve root attached to anterior portion of the spinal cord
Term
collections of cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons forming dorsal roots
Definition
dorsal root ganglion
Term
Portion of the spinal cord and nerve tracts that are ascending tracts.
Definition
Dorsal and lateral
Term
Portion of the spinal cord and nerve tracts that are descending tracts.
Definition
Ventral and medial
Term
Stretch reflex
Definition
Muscles contract because of stretching force applied to them.
Term
Steps in Stretching Reflex
Definition

1. Muscle spindle detects stretch of the muscle.

2. Sensory neurons conduct A.P. to spinal cord.

3. Sensory neurons synapse directly with alpha motor neurons.

4. Stimulation of alpha motor neurons causes the muscle to contract/resist being stretched.

Term
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Definition
Relaxes muscle when excessive stretching occurs, protecting tendons.
Term
Steps in Golgi Tendon Reflex
Definition

1. Golgi tendon organs detect tension applied to tendon.

2. Sensory neurons conduct A.P. to spinal cord.

3. Sensory neurons synapse with inhibitory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons.

4. Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation.

Term
Withdrawal Reflex
Definition
Moves a limb in response to pain.
Term
Steps in Withdrawal Reflex
Definition

1. Pain receptors detect stimulus.

2. Sensory neurons conduct A.P. to spinal cord.

3. Sensory neurons synapse with excitatory interneurons that synapse with alpha motor neurons.

4. Excitation of alpha motor neurons results in contraction of the flexor muscles and withdrawal of the limb.

Term
Reciprocal innervation
Definition
Causes relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor muscle contracts.
Term
Crossed extensor reflex
Definition
Causes extensor muscle of opposite limb to contract in response to withdrawal reflex in lower limb.
Term
Carry conscious and unconscious sensations
Definition
Ascending pathways
Term
Carry light, touch, pressure, tickle and itch sensations.
Definition
Ascending pathways of the spinothalamic system
Term
Carry sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration.
Definition
Ascending pathways of the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
Term
Carry unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum from the same side of the body.
Definition
Ascending pathways of the spinocerebellar system and other tracts.
Term
Maintain muscle tone and control fine, skilled movement in the face and distal limbs.
Definition
Direct descending pathways
Term
Control conscious and unconscious muscle movements in the trunk and proximal limbs.
Definition
Indirect descending pathways
Term
Direct descending pathways that control muscle movements below the head.
Definition
Corticospinal tracts
Term
Direct descending pathways that innervate the head muscles.
Definition
Corticobulbar tracts
Term
Motor neurons found in the cranial nuclei or the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Definition
Lower motor neurons
Term
Motor neurons located in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brain stem.
Definition
Upper motor neurons
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Informs the brain about the position of the body.
Term
Somatic motor function
Definition
Control of skeletal muscles through motor neurons.
Term
Sensory function
Definition
Special senses and general senses.
Term
Four plexuses of the spinal nerves
Definition

Cervical plexus

Brachial plexus

Lumbosacral plexus

Coccygeal plexus

Term
Location of Cervical plexus and what these spinal nerves innervate
Definition

C1-C4

 

Superficial neck structure

Skin of neck

Posterior portion of head

Term
Location of Brachial plexus and its nerve branches
Definition

C4 plus C5-T1

 

Axillary

Radial

Musculocutaneous

Ulnar

Median

Pectoral

Long thoracic

Thoracodorsal

subscapular

suprascapular

Term
Location of Lumbosacral plexus
Definition

Ventral rami of L1-L4

Vengral rami of L4-S4

Term
Location of coccygeal plexus and what they innervate
Definition

S4-S5 "coccygeal nerve"

 

Muscles of pelvic floor

Sensory information from skin over coccyx

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