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A/P I: Chapter 3
Structure and function of the cell
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/11/2009

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Term
3 Functions of the plasma membrane
Definition

Isolate cell contents from external environment.

 

Regulate exchange of materials.

 

Communicate with other cells.

Term
Specificity
Definition
Each carrier protein or ion channel binds to and transports only a single type of molecule or ion.
Term
Buffer
Definition
Mixture of acid and base that helps resist change in pH.
Term
Acid
Definition
Chemical that has a pH below 7.
Term

Base

 

Definition
Chemical that has a pH above 7
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
Isosmotic
Definition
Solutions with the same osmotic pressure because their solute particles are in equal concentrations.
Term
Hyperosmotic
Definition
Greater concentration of solute, therefore greater osmotic pressure, than another solution.
Term
Hyposmotic
Definition
Having a lower solute concentration, therefore a lower osmotic pressure than another solution.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
A solution with an equal concentration of solutes as a cell that is in the solution.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell that is in the solution, causing the cell to shrink.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than a cell that is in the solution, causing the cell to swell.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Internalization of substances by a cell. Includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
When solid particles are ingested by a cell during endocytosis.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
When smaller vesicles are formed that contain molecules dissolved in liquid and are taken into a cell. Cell drinking.
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
When a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and its contents are expelled from the cell.
Term
Filtration
Definition
When liquids and small substances pass through pores within the cell membrane, but larger molecules do not.
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
Repelled by water.
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
Attracted to/by water.
Term
Receptors
Definition
Proteins in the plasma membrane with an exposed site on the outer surface of a cell that act to trigger a cellular response.
Term
Intrinsic proteins
Definition
Proteins extended deeply into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other and can form channels through the membrane.
Term
Extrinsic proteins
Definition
Proteins attached to integral proteins at either the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer. Also called periferal proteins.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Organelle that acts as the control center of a cell and contains the DNA of the cell.
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
Double membrane containing pores that regulate the movement of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
All the material within the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.
Term
Cytosol
Definition
Water-based material with dissolved salts and organic materials inside the cell and outside the organelles.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Network of three groups of proteins that provides shape, support and movement capabilities of the cell.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Large and small subunits that bind together during protein synthesis and may be bound or free within the endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Interconnected membrane bound tubes and channels within the cytosol that is continuous with the nuclear envelope and acts to manufacture molecules necessary for cell function.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
ER that contains bound ribosomes and is the primary site of protein synthesis.
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
ER that lacks ribosomes and acts as a site for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.
Term
Organelle
Definition
Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other that act to modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids for secretion or use by the cell.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Semiautonomous organelle that acts to extract energy from molecules. Site of the Kreb's cycle and ETS.
Term
Cristae
Definition
Inner membrane of the mitochondria that forms folds within the outer membrane.
Term
Lysosome
Definition
Membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and contain enzymes that breakdown molecules.
Term
Cilia
Definition
Extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of microtubules that move materials over the surface of cells.
Term
Flagella
Definition
Extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubules that are responsible for movement of the cell.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions within a cell.
Term
Anaerobic respiration
Definition
Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid due to a lack of oxygen during respiration.
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
The breakdown of pyruvic acid to form CO2, H2O and 36-38 molecules of ATP in the presence of oxygen.
Term
Transcription
Definition
The process of copying DNA to form RNA using RNA polymerase.
Term
Translation
Definition
Protein synthesis as a result of reading codons from mRNA at the ribosomes.
Term
Binding site
Definition
Region on a protein where specific molecules and ions form a chemical bond.
Term
Efferent
Definition
Away from the center.
Term
Afferent
Definition
Towards the center
Term
Three main stages of the Cell Cycle
Definition

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokenesis

Term
Three phases of interphase
Definition

G1(gap) phase

S phase

G2 phase

Term
Four phases of Mitosis
Definition

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Term
Interphase
Definition
The time between cell divisions
Term
G1 and G2 phases of interphase
Definition
cell metabolism and growth occurs
Term
S phase of interphase
Definition
DNA is replicated
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Division of the nuclei
Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromatin is condensed into chromosomes
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes align at the center of the cell and attach to spindle fibers.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Chromosomes separate and start migrating to the poles of the cell.
Term
Telophase
Definition
Chromosome migration is complete and nuclear envelopes form from the ER.
Term
Cytokenesis
Definition
Division of the cytoplasm of the cell.
Term
Pyruvate must be energized by Enzyme CoA to form Acetyl CoA for this to occur.
Definition

Citric Acid Cycle

(Cannot occur without this)

Term
Energy carrier molecules which enter the ETS.
Definition
NADH and FADH2
Term
Number of ATP produced for every FADH2 molecule
Definition
3 ATP produced
Term
Number of ATP produced for every NADH molecule.
Definition
2 ATP
Term
Energy molecules produced in Lactic Acid fermentation
Definition
2 ATP, NAD+
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