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A/P I: Chapter 11
Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2009

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Cards

Term
Five cells that play a key role in nervous tissue.
Definition

Neurons

Microglia

Schwann Cells

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Term
Neurons
Definition
Receive stimuli and transmit action potentials.
Term
Three types of neurons
Definition

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

Term
Structures of a Neuron
Definition

Cell Body

Dendrites

Axon

Term
Multipolar Neuron
Definition

Lots of dendrites and 1 axon.

Typically motor and association neurons.

Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition

One dendrite and one axon.

Typically found in sensory organs.

Term
Unipolar Neuron
Definition

No dendrites, one axon.

Most common type of sensory neuron.

Term
Dendrites
Definition
Short projections of neurons that receive information.
Term
Axon
Definition
Long projections on a neuron that pass information away from the cell body.
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
  • Neuroglia that provides structural support for neurons and blood vessels by wrapping around blood vessels.
  • Regulates movement of materials across the blood-brain barrier.
  • Limits potential damage to neurons.
Term
Microglia
Definition

Mobile neuroglia that act as vaccuum cleaners of the nervous system.

Phagocytes of the CNS.

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Form the myelin sheath around the axons in the Central Nervous System.
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
Form the myelin sheaths around the axons of the Periferal Nervous System.
Term
Allow saltatory conduction to occur.
Definition
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells
Term
Afferent Pathway
Definition
Incoming pathway.
Term
Efferent Pathway
Definition
Outgoing pathway.
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition

Brain and spinal cord.

Processes, integrates, stores and responds to information from the PNS.

Term
Periferal Nervous System
Definition

Everything outside CNS, nerves and ganglia.

Detects stimuli and transmits information to/from the CNS.

Term
Afferent PNS
Definition
Transmits action potentials from sensory organs to the CNS.
Term
Efferent PNS
Definition
Transmits action potential from CNS to effector organs.
Term
Two divisions of the Motor PNS
Definition

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Term
Somatic Motor division
Definition
Transmits action potential from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.
Term
ANS
Definition
Transmits action potentials from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands.
Term
Two divisions of the ANS
Definition

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Term
Sympathetic nervous system
Definition

Prepares the body for action.

"Fight or Flight"

Term
Parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
Regulates vegetative functions, such as digestion and urination.
Term
White Matter
Definition

Myelinated axons that functions to propagate action potentials. Forms nerve tracts within CNS and nerves within PNS.

 

"Deep in Brain, Periferal in Spinal Cord"

Term
Gray Matter
Definition

Neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons that integrate the nervous system.

Forms the cortex and neuclei of the CNS and the ganglia in the PNS.

 

"Peripheral in brain, deep in spinal cord"

Term
Cortex
Definition
CNS
Term
Ganglia
Definition
PNS
Term
Synapse
Definition
Junction between two cells where action potential in one cell causes action potential in another cell.
Term
Two types of cells in synapse
Definition

Presynaptic

Postsynaptic

Term
Presynaptic terminal
Definition
End of the axon in the presynaptic cell.
Term
Postsynaptic membrane
Definition
Membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
Term
Synaptic cleft
Definition
Space between presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane.
Term
Inhibition
Definition
Hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane.
Term
Facilitation/Excitation
Definition
Depolarization of the post synaptic membranes.
Term
Summation
Definition
The combined action of more than 1 neurotransmitter that triggers the action potential of another neurotransmitter.
Term
Convergent Pathway
Definition
Many neurons coming down to one or a few.
Term
Divergent Pathway
Definition
One or a few neurons going to many neurons.
Term
How Reflex Arc operates
Definition
  1. Stimulation occurs
  2. Afferent action potential is generated
  3. Association within the CNS occurs
  4. Efferent action potential is generated thru motor neurons.
  5. A response is generated through the effector organ.
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
Chemicals that are released by a presynaptic cell and results in a reaction in the post synaptic cell.
Term
Neuromodulator
Definition
Substances that influence the sensitivity of post synaptic cells to neurotransmitters.
Term
Direction of Action Potential
Definition
Axon terminals → Dendrites
Term
11  important Neurotransmitters
Definition

Acetylcholine

Nitric Oxide

Norepinephrine

Endorphin

Dopamine

Substance P

Enkaphalins

GABA

Glycine

Glutamate

Histamine

Term

Acetylcholine

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Excite/inhibit

Term

Norepinephrine

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Excite/Inhibit

Term

Nitric Oxide

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Excitatory

Term

Dopamine

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Generally excite

Term

Substance P

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Excitatory

Term

Endorphin

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Inhibitory

Term

Enkaphalins

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS/PNS

Inhibitory

Term

GABA

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS

Inhibitory

Term

Glycine

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS

Inhibitory

Term

Glutamate

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS

Excitatory

Term

Histamine

 

-Location

-Action

Definition

CNS

Inhibitory

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