Shared Flashcard Set

Details

A&P FINAL
SKELETAL SYSTEM, URINARY SYSTEM, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, AND RESPERATION
202
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/01/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
the accessory organs of the urinary system include
Definition
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
in position, which is usually higher, left or right?
Definition
Left is often higher because of the liver
Term
the _ are the principle organs of the urinary system
Definition
kidneys
Term
true or false urinary system regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain the dynamic constancy or homeostasis of the internal fluid environment within normal limits
Definition
true
Term
kidneys are located in a _ position with the abdomen
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
what comprises much of the medullary tissue
Definition
renal pyramids
Term
the area where cortical tissue dips into the medulla between the pyramids
Definition
renal columns
Term
cup-like structure at each renal papilla to collect urine; join together to form renal pelvis
Definition
calyx
Term
renal pelvis narrows as it exits kidney to become _
Definition
ureter
Term
the large branch of abdominal aorta; brings blood into each kidney
Definition
renal artery
Term
located between the pyramids of the medulla and the renal artery branches; _ arteries extend toward the cortex, arch over the bases of the pyramids, and form arcuate arteries; from arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries penetrate the cortex
Definition
interlobular arteries
Term
they are located where afferent arteriole brushes past distal tubule; important to maintenance of blood flow homeostasis by reflexively secreting renin when blood pressure in afferent arteriole drops
Definition
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Term
which is often larger, left kidney or right?
Definition
Left
Term
the tube running from each kidney to urinary bladder; composed of three layers: mucous lining, muscular middle layer, and fibrous outer later
Definition
ureter(s)
Term
the _, located in the renal cortex, is a unique segment of the nephron where the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles of its own glomerulus
Definition
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
Term
it is structure is similar to that of a collapsible bag located behind the symphysis pubis made mostly of smooth muscle tissue; lining forms rugae; can distend considerably
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
functions of the urinary bladder include:
Definition
reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
aided by the urethra, expels urine from the body
Term
urine enters the bladder via the _ and exits via the _
Definition
ureter(s) (enter)
urethra (exit)
Term
in anatomy, the _ is a hollow, muscular, and distensible (elastic) organ that sits on the pelvis floor.
Definition
Urinary bladder
Term
the muscle in your bladder wall is called the _, it relaxes to allow your bladder to fill. When you go to the toilet, it contracts to squeeze out urine.
Definition
Detrusor muscle
Term
small mucous membrane-lined tube, extending from trigone to exterior of the body
Definition
urethra
Term
male or female? in _, lies posterior to symphysis pubis and anterior to vagina; approximately 3 cm long
Definition
female
Term
male or female urethra?
In _, after leaving the bladder it pass through prostate gland where it is joined by two ejaculatory ducts; from prostate, extents to the base of the penis
Definition
male
Term
mechanism for voiding name at least 2
Definition
voluntary relaxation of external sphincter muscle
regions of the detrusor muscle contract reflexively
urine is forced out of the bladder and through the urethra
Term
_, are the microscopic functional units, make up the bulk of the kidney; those located in renal cortex are called cortical nephrons; those near junction of cortical and medullary layers are called juxtamedullary nephrons; each _ is made up of various structures
Definition
nephrons
Term
the _ is the cup-shaped mouth of nephron
Definition
bowman's capsule
Term
this is called the network of fine capillaries in bowman's capsule; together called renal corpuscle; located in cortex of kidney
Definition
glomerulus
Term
this is the first part of the renal tubule nearest to bowman's capsule; follows a winding, convoluted course; also known as proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
proximal tubule
Term
renal tubule segment that is just beyond the proximal tubule. It consists of a thin descending limb, a sharp turning, and a thick ascending limb
Definition
loop of henle
Term
true or false
as the filtrate passes back up the thin ascending limb of loop of henle, the concentration of the surrounding medulla decreases. The thin ascending limb is not permeable to water, but it is permeable to ions.
Definition
true
Term
This is a straight tubule joined by the distal tubules of several nephorns. It joins larger ducts; larger collecting ducts of one renal pyramid converge to form one tube that opens at a renal papilla into a calyx
Definition
collecting duct
Term
chief functions of kidney are to process _ and form _.
Definition
blood and form urine
Term
the functional unit of kidney is called a _.
Definition
nephron
Term
defined as the movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in glomerulus into capsular space of bowman's capsule
Definition
filtration
Term
defined as the movement of molecules out of tubule and into peritubular blood
Definition
tubular reabsorption
Term
defined as the movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into tubule for excretion.
Definition
Tubular secretion
Term
this is the first step in blood processing that occurs in the renal corpuscles
Definition
filtration
Term
true or false
glomerular hydrostatic pressure and filtration are directly related to systemic blood pressure
Definition
true
Term
this is the second step in urine formation;occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules; major portion of this precess occurs in proximal tubules
Definition
reabsorption
Term
True or False Proper function of the reproductive system ensures the survival of the species
Definition
True
Term
True or False Male reproductive system consists of organs whose functions are to produce, transfer, and introduce mature sperm into the female reproductive tract where fertilization can occur
Definition
True
Term
Supporting structures of the male reproductive system include
Definition
Scrotum Penis Pair of spermatic cords
Term
_ in males, roughly diamond-shaped area between thighs; extends anteriorly from symphysis pubis to coccyx posteriorly; lateral boundary is the ischial tuberosity on either side; divided in the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle
Definition
perineum
Term
_ is the formation of mature male gametes (spermatozoa) by seminiferous tubules
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
the testes secrets a hormone called _
Definition
testosterone
Term
structure of spermatozoa consists of
Definition
head (covered by acrosome)
neck
midpiece (body)
tail (divided into a principal piece and a short end piece)
Term
the reproductive (genital) ducts the male reproductive system is called _.
Definition
vas deferens
Term
this duct is formed by union of vas deferens with duct from seminal vesicle passes through prostate gland, terminating in urethra
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
structure and location – convoluted pouches about 5 to 7 cm long on posterior surface of bladder
function – secrete the viscous, nutrient rich part of seminal fluid (60% of semen volume)
Definition
seminal vesicles
Term
_ is dough nut-shaped and encircles urethra just below bladder
Definition
prostate gland
Term
_ is small, pea-shaped structures with ducts about 2.5cm (1 inch) long leading into urethra lie below prostate gland
Definition
bulbourethral gland
Term
skin-covered pouch suspended from perineal region. It is divided into two compartments and contains testis, epididymis, and lower part of a spermatic cord
Definition
scrotum
Term
_ and _ muscles elevate the scrotal pouch
Definition
dartos and cremaster
Term
component of male reproductive organ that is composed of thee cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, one of which contain urethra
Definition
penis
Term
_ are fibrous cylinders located in inguinal canals. They enclose seminal ducts, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
Definition
spermatic cords (internal)
Term
male fertility relates to many factors,
Definition
number of sperm
size
shape
motility
Term
the stage when high levels of hormones stimulate final stages of development in males
Definition
puberty
Term
name at least 2 functions of the female reproductive system.
Definition
1 Produce offspring and thereby ensure continuity of the genetic code
2 it produces eggs, or female gametes, which each may unite with a male gamete to form the first cell of an offspring
3 it also can provide nutrition and protection to the offspring for up to several years after conceptions
Term
nodular glands located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes
Definition
ovaries
Term
_ is called the development of the fetus in a place other than the uterus
Definition
ectopic pregnancy
Term
_ is an oocyte released from the ovary
Definition
ovum
Term
female accessory organs include the internal genitals which are comprised of the following: (name at least 2)
Definition
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
Term
name at least 2 functions of the ovaries
Definition
1 ovaries produce ova – the female gametes
2 the ovaries are endocrine organs the secrete the female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone)
Term
_ is the process that results in formation of a mature egg
Definition
oogenesis
Term
the female sex hormones are _ and _
Definition
1 estrogens
2 progesterone
Term
it is pear-shaped, has two main parts – the cervix and the body. Its wall is composed of three layers – inner endometrium, middle myometrium, and outer, incomplete later of parietal peritoneum
Definition
uterus
Term
the _ is the skin covered region between the vaginal orifice and the rectum this area may be torn during childbirth
Definition
perineum
Term
to alleviate the tearing of perineum in female during childbirth, this procedure may be performed
Definition
episiotomy
Term
located in pelvis cavity between urinary bladder and rectum. Its position is altered by age pregnancy, and distention of related pelvis viscera
Definition
uterus
Term
the blood to the uterus is supplied by uterine _
Definition
arteries
Term
_ is a cyclical even that allows the endometrium to renew itself
Definition
menstruation
Term
_ are also called fallopian tubes, or oviducts
Definition
uterine tubes
Term
its function is to serve as transport channels for ova and as the site of fertilizations
Definition
uterine tubes
Term
_ is a mucous membrane that typically forms a border around the vagina in young premenstrual girls
Definition
hymen
Term
_ is a tubular organ located between the rectum, the urethra, and the bladder
Definition
vagina
Term
the _ consists of the female external genitals: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal orifice, and greater vestibular glands
Definition
vulva
Term
when ovaries from birth contain oocytes in primary follicles in which the meiotic process has been suspended; at the beginning of menstruation each month, several of the oocytes resume meiosis; meiosis will stop again just before the cell is released during ovulation, this cycle is called _.
Definition
ovarian cycle
Term
menstrual cycle (endometrial cycle) is divided into four phases:
Definition
1 mensus
2 postmenstrual phase
3 ovulation
4 premenstrual phase
Term
ovarian cycle's primary function is _.
Definition
to produce an ovum at regular intervals
Term
Respiratory function includes the following
Definition
external respiration
transport of gases by the blood
internal respiration
regulation of respiration
Term
external respiration include _ and _.
Definition
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
pulmonary gas exchange
Term
internal respiration include the following
Definition
systemic tissue gas exchange
cellular respiration
Term
_ is the process in which air moves into the lungs.
Definition
Inspiration
Term
_ in the process which air moves out of the lungs.
Definition
Expiration
Term
pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish two gas pressure gradients.
What are they?
Definition
1. One in which the pressure within alveoli of lungs is lower that atmospheric pressure to produce inspiration
2. one in which the pressure in the alveoli of lungs is higher that atmospheric pressure to produce expiration
Term
pressure gradients are established by changes in size of _ that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles
Definition
thoracic cavity
Term
_ Law states that volume of gas varies inversely with pressure at a constant temperature
Definition
Boyle's law
Term
contraction of diaphragm produces _ as it contracts, it makes thoracic cavity larger
Definition
inspiration
Term
expansion of thorax results in decreased intrapleural pressure, leading to a decreased _ pressure
Definition
alveolar pressure
Term
air moves into lungs when alveolar pressure (Palv) drops below _ pressure
Definition
atmospheric
Term
_ is defined as the ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration possible
Definition
compliance
Term
defined as a passive process that beings when inspiratory muscles are relaxed, decreasing size of thorax
Definition
expiration
Term
defined as the tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched passively during expiration
Definition
elastic recoil
Term
defined as the amounts of air that moved in and out and remaining and are important to the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Definition
pulmonary volumes
Term
_ is an instrument used to measure volume of air
Definition
spirometer
Term
_ is the amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration
Definition
tidal volume (tv)
Term
defined as the largest volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled
Definition
expiratory reserve volume (erv) – (between 1.0 and 1.2 liters is normal erv)
Term
defined as the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration
Definition
inspiratory reserve volume (irv) (normal irv is 3.3 liters)
Term
defined as the amount of air that cannot be forcibly exhaled (1.2 liters)
Definition
residual volume (rv)
Term
true or false a person's vital capacity depends on many factors, including the size of the thoracic cavity and posture
Definition
true
Term
defined as the amount of air at the end of a normal respiration
Definition
functional residual capacity
Term
defined as the total amount of air a lung can hold
Definition
total lung capacity - the sum of all four lung volumes
Term
defined as the volume of inspired air that reaches the alveoli
Definition
alveolar ventilation
Term
defined as the air in passageways that do not participate in gas exchange
Definition
anatomical dead space
Term
the law that states the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases in directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and to the total pressure of the mixture
law of partial pressures
Definition
dalton's law
Term
exchanges of gases in the lungs takes place between _ and _ flowing through lung capillaries
Definition
alveolar air
blood
Term
four factors determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood
Definition
the oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and blood
the total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane respiratory minute volume
alveolar ventilation
Term
structural factors that facilitate oxygen diffusion from alveolar air to blood
walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross
alveolar and capillary surfaces are large
blood is distributed though the capillaries in a thin later so each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air
[NO ANSWER]
Definition
structural factors that facilitate oxygen diffusion from alveolar air to blood
walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross
alveolar and capillary surfaces are large
blood is distributed though the capillaries in a thin later so each red blood cell comes close to alveolar air
Term
_ increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Definition
hemoglobin
Term
oxygen travels in two forms
Definition
as dissolved o2 in plasma
associated with hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)
Term
exchange of gases in tissues takes place between _ flowing through tissue capillaries and cells
Definition
arterial blood
Term
defined as the increased pco2 decreases the affinity between oxygen and hemoglobin
Definition
bhor effect
Term
Name 3 functions of the skeletal system
Definition
Support, movement and protection
Term
Name the classifications of bones
Definition
Long – femur, tibia & fibular, humerus, ulna & radius, and phalanges
Flat – cranial bones, sternum, ribs and scapula
Short – Wrist and ankle
Irregular – Vertebra and some facial bones
Sesamoid bones – In the knee - the patella; in distal portions of the metacarpal bones; two on the first metacarpal bone and one on the second. The last one is the pisiform bone of the wrist
Term
Provide examples of a flat bone
Definition
Skull, the pelvis, sternum, rib cage, and the scapula
Term
Provide examples of long bones
Definition
Femur, tibia &fibular, humerus, ulna & radius, and phalanges
Term
Provide examples of short bones
Definition
Wrist and ankle
Term
Definition: bones shaft or body, the long cylindrical, main portion of the bone
Definition
Diaphysis
Term
Definition: Distal and proximal ends of bone
Definition
Epiphyses
Term
Vertebra & some facial bones are?
Definition
Irregular
Term
Definition: Region in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses
Definition
Metaphyses
Term
Definition: Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation with another bone
Definition
Articular cartilage
Term
Define Periosteum
Definition
A though sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not cover by articular cartilage
Term
A hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
Definition
Medullary Cavity
Term
A thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Definition
Endosteum
Term
Name the components of the extracellular matrix
Definition
25% water, 50% crystallized mineral salts, 25% collagen fibers
Term
Bone building cells
Definition
Osteoblast
Term
As bones hardness depends on the crystallized inorganic mineral salts a bones ____ depends on its collage fibers
Definition
Flexibility
Term
There are four main major types of cells present in bone tissue
Definition
Osteogenic cells, Osteoblast, Osteocytes, and Osteoclast
Term
They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division
Definition
Osteogenic cells
Term
Mature bone cells in the bone tissue maintain its daily metabolism
Definition
Osteocytes
Term
Bone cells that do not undergo cell division
Definition
Osteocytes
Term
_________ are huge cells that derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes and are concentrated in the Endosteum
Definition
Osteoclast
Term
This region of bone may be categorized as _____ and _____
Definition
Compact and spongy
Term
80% of the skeleton is ____
Definition
Compact
Term
Compact bone tissue contains few spaces and is arranged in repeating units called _____or ____
Definition
Osteons or Haversion system
Term
Between the lamalle and small space ______ [little lakes] which contain Osteocytes
Definition
Lacune
Term
Compact bone provides protection and support and resist stress produced by ______and ____
Definition
Weight and movement
Term
The process by which bone form
Definition
Ossification
Term
Within the long bones are two types of bone marrow
Definition
Red & Yellow
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Leukocytes
Term
____ carry oxygen and nutrients to the body tissue
Definition
Red blood cells
Term
Two methods of bone formation
Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Term
____is the simple of the two methods of bone formation
Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Term
Site where bone will develop
Definition
Ossification center
Term
Replacement of cartilage of bone is called
Definition
Endochondral ossification
Term
Bone growth is the length related to the activity of ____ plate
Definition
Epiphyseal
Term
__ to __ extra cellular matrix decrease
Definition
18 to 25
Term
Bone replacement; all the cartilage, leaving a bony structure is called the ___ line
Definition
Epiphyseal
Term
Define an ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Definition
Bone remodeling
Term
___is a specialized as a branch of dentistry
Definition
Orthodontics
Term
Red blood cells
Definition
Erythrocytes
Term
____is a disease in which bone becomes fragile
Definition
Osteoporosis
Term
These broken bones also known as fractures occur typically in the ___
Definition
Hip, wrist and spine
Term
Spinal or vertebral FX also have serious consequences
Definition
Loss of height & deformity
Term
In ___ disease, Osteoclast are more active that Osteoblast
Definition
Paget’s
Term
Define as any break in a bone
Definition
FX; fractures
Term
An incomplete break across the bone
Definition
Partial or greenstick Fx
Term
A complete break across the bone that is broken into two or more pieces
Definition
Complete Fx
Term
The Fx bone does not break through the skin
Definition
Closed or simple fracture
Term
The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Definition
Compound FX
Term
A break in you arm just behind your wrist. It is caused by falling forward onto an outstretched arm.
Definition
COLLES FX
Term
The most Important hormone that regulates calcium
Definition
PTH
Term
If a person is bedridden or has a cast the strength of the unstressed bone diminishes T/F
Definition
True
Term
Gymnast have the highest bone density T/F
Definition
True
Term
___ Consist of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body
Definition
Axial skeleton
Term
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones group called girdles
Definition
Appendicular
Term
The axial skeleton includes ___bones
Definition
Skull, ribs, and vertebrae
Term
How many bones make up the Axial Skeleton?
Definition
80 BONES
Term
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton
Definition
126
Term
Appendicular skeleton includes which bones
Definition
Shoulder girdle, Arm, Hand, Pelvic girdle, Leg, Foot
Term
There are 8 groups of cranial bones
Definition
Frontal, (2) temporal, (2) parietal, cranial, ethmoid, Sphenoid
Term
There are four types of sutures
Definition
Coronal, Sagittal lumbodal, squamos
Term
There are 14 facial bones
Definition
2 x Inferior Nasal Conchae
2 x Lacrimal Bones
1 x Mandible
2 x Maxillae (pl.); Maxilla (sing.)
2 x Nasal Bones
2 x Palatine Bones
1 x Vomer
2 x Zygomatic Bones
Term
Number of Cervical Vertebrae
Definition
7
Term
Number of Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
12
Term
Number of lumbar vertebrae
Definition
5
Term
Number of sacrum coccyx
Definition
5 & 3
Term
The abbreviation of vertebrae
Definition
Cervical: C1-C7
Thoracic: T-spine 1-12; T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Term
Compare the cervical bones in size against the others _____vertebrae are the smallest
Definition
Spinal
Term
The vertebrae promine are located in __
Definition
C7
Term
Name two types of curves
Definition
2 Lordotic, 2 Kyphotic
Term
An example of a lordotic curve
Definition
Cervical & lumbar spine
Term
Which vertebrae have Kyphotic curvature
Definition
Thoracic and sacral cruves
Term
Lower back pain is located in ____ and
Definition
Lumbar L1-L5
Term
The true spinal cord ends at ____ where it divides into many different nerve roots that travel to the lower body and legs
Definition
L1
Term
This collection of nerve roots is called ____ which means burse tail
Definition
Cauda equina
Term
The ___ is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper/ back pair of the pelvic cavity
Definition
Sacrum
Term
The ___ are a protective cage around the heart
Definition
Ribs
Term
Vertebralsternal are ____ ribs
Definition
True 1-7 (Vertebralsternal); costal cartilage articulates directly with sternum False ribs (8-12) - don't articulate directly w/sternum Floating (11-12) - don't articulate w/sternum at all
Term
Don't attach directly w/sternum
Definition
False ribs
Term
In the Appendicular skeleton the pectoral girdle bones include _______ bones
Definition
Term
False weight bearing bone
Definition
Tibia
Term
Name six type of synovial joints
Definition
Ball and Socket, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Gliding, Saddle
Term
The vertebral column (or spine) consists of ___ bones
Definition
32
Term
There are three types of connective tissue
Definition
Cartilage - this forms cushions between bones
Ligaments - these are bands of fibre joining bone to bone and stabilising movement at a joint.
Tendons - these attach muscle to bones (or to other muscles)
Term
There are Three Different Types of Joint
Definition
Fixed or Immovable Joint
Slightly Movable Joints
Freely Movable Joints
Term
There are Five Kinds of Joint Movement
Definition
Extension – all joints straight or extended
Flexion – knee an elbow joint are flexed
Adduction – Adduction at the hip and shoulder girdle a
Abduction – abduction at the hip and shoulder girdle *arrow up*
Rotation – head rotates at the neck joint
Term
The scapula is in the
Definition
Posterior part of the shoulder girdle
Term
What is Desmology
Definition
the science/study of ligaments.
Term
There are three types of cartilage
Definition
Fibrocartilage - (found in intervertebral discs)
Elastic cartilage (found in the external ear and epiglottis)
Hyaline cartilage. Hyaline (or articular) cartilage is the most important cartilage: It serves as the "original" skeleton in the embryo from which bones develop
Term
Blood cell formation
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!