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196
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

old- comminuted

 

young- greenstick

 

Definition
what type of fracture would be more prevalent in older adults and which would be more prevalent in young people?
Term
 endochondral ossification
Definition

all bones below the skull except the clavicle 

§Begins in the second month of development
§Uses hyaline cartilage “bones” as models for bone construction
§Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Term
 the hormonal control of blood calcium
Definition

§Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin

§Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone
§Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH
§PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
Term
§Condyle
Definition
rounded articular projection
Term
Bone Remodeling
Definition

 adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces

 osteoblast and osteoclast working together

 

depostion and resorption is equal

Term
Bone Resorption
Definition

 

§Accomplished by osteoclasts
 involves osteoclast secretion of:
§Lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix
§Acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms
Term
Compact Bone
Definition

§Osteocytes – mature bone cells
§Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
§Canaliculihairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
dense outter layer of the bone that looks smooth and solid

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition

occur in sites subjected to heavy pressureand stretch such as the padlike cartilages (menisci) of the knee and the intervertebral disc 

§Highly compressed with great tensile strength
§Contains collagen fibers
Term

Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth

 

 

§Transformation zone (hypertonic zone)
Definition
2nd zone: older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate
Term

Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth

 

(proliferation)Growth zone

Definition
1st zone: cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Term

Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth

 

osteogenic zone

Definition
3rd zone: new bone formation occurs
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition

results in the formation of the cranial bones of the skull and the clavicles. most bones formed by this process are flat bones

at about week 8 of development, ossification begins on fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells.

 

Term
Long bones
Definition

 longer than they are wide

has two ends plus a shaft

all limb bones except the patella, wrist, and ankle bones are:

Term

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

 

 

2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Definition

§Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture

§Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris
Term

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

 

3. bony callus formation

Definition

 

§New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus
§Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus

Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later

Term

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

 

4. Bone remodeling

Definition

 

§Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary canal is removed
§Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Term
Stages of Intramembranous Ossification
Definition

 

§An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
§Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
§Woven bone and periosteum form
lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to the periosteum, and red marrow appears
Term

Types of Bone Fractures

 

 

communited

Definition
 bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly when bones become more brittle
Term

Types of Bone Fractures

 

greenstick

Definition
incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children
Term

Types of Bone Fractures

 

spiral

Definition

 ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

§
Term

Types of Bone Fractures

 

transverse

Definition
the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
Term
Wolff’s law
Definition

§a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it

§Observations :
§Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest)
§Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle
Term

(one way cartilage grows)

appositional growth

Definition

growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed

 

cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Term

cartilaginous joints:

 

symphysis

Definition

(gorwing together)\

the bones are connected by a broad flat disc of fibrocartilage

Term

cartilaginous joints:

 

synchondrosis

 

Definition

the articulation of the coastal cartilage of the 1st rib with the sternum is a

 

epiphyseal plate in long bones of growing children

Term
depressions and openings
Definition

include fossae, foramina and grooves. they usually serve to allow passage of blood vessels and nerves

 

 

Term
depressions and openings
Definition

 

§Meatus – canal-like passageway
§Sinus – cavity within a bone
§Fossa – shallow, basin-like depression
§Groove – furrow
§Fissure – narrow, slit-like opening
§Foramen – round or oval opening through a bone
Term
diploe
Definition

the spongy bone of flat bones is called

 

resembles a stiffened sandwich

 

sandwiched between 2 compact bones

Term

epiphyseal line

 

epiphyseal plate

Definition
between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone is an ___________ a remnant of the ____________, a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
Term

functions of the bones:

 

 

§Blood cell formation –
Definition
most blood cell formation or hematpoiesis occurs in marrow cavities of certain bones
Term

hylaine cartilage

(provides support flexibility and resilence)

Definition
most abundant in skeletal cartilages
§Is present in these cartilages:
§Articular – covers the ends of long bones
§Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum
§Respiratory – makes up larynx, reinforces air passages
§Nasal – supports the nose
Term
location of hematopoietic tissue in infants
Definition
the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone marrow
Term
location of hematopoietic tissue in most adult long bones
Definition

 

§Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
Term
paget's disease
Definition

 

§Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown
§Pagetic bone with an excessively high ratio of woven to compact bone is formed
§Pagetic bone, along with reduced mineralization, causes spotty weakening of bone
§Osteoclast activity wanes, but osteoblast activity continues to work
Term
skeletal cartilage
Definition

 §Contains no blood vessels or nerves

§Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion
§Three types – hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
Term

stages in healing of bone fractures

 

1. hematoma formation

Definition

 

§Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
§A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
§Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
Term
stages of endochondral ossification
Definition

 

§Formation of bone collar
§Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage
§Invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud, and spongy bone formation
§Formation of the medullary cavity; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
§Ossification of the epiphyses, with hyaline cartilage remaining only in the epiphyseal plates
Term
the cartilage model grows then breaks down and is replaced by bone
Definition
what is meant by bone chases cartilage
Term
the hormonal stimulus maintains homeostatic blood calcium levels
Definition
which stimulus- PTH or mechanical force- is more important in maintaining blood calcium levels?
Term

the primary ossification centers in a long bone is the center of the shaft.

 

the secondary ossification center in a long bone are in the epiphysis

Definition
where is the primary ossification centers located in the long bones? what about the secondary centers?
Term
stages in bone fracture healing
Definition

hematoma forms

fibrocartilaginous callus forms

bony callus forms

bone remodeling occurs

Term
axial skeleton
Definition

§Eighty bones segregated into three regions
§Skull
§Vertebral column
§Bony thorax
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition

 

§made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles
§Pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the body trunk

Pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs

Term
anulus fibrosus
Definition

surrounding the nucleus pulposus is a strong collar compossed of collagen fibers superfiscially and fibrocartilage internally, the

 

 

limits the exspansion of the nucleus pulposis when the spine is compressed

 

 

Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
acts as a rubber ball giving the disc its elasticity and and compressibility
Term
Zygomatic Bones
Definition

 

§Irregularly shaped bones (cheekbones) that form the prominences of the cheeks and the inferolateral margins of the orbits
Term
Cervical Vertebrae: The Atlas (C1)
Definition

 

 has no body and no spinous process
§It consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
§The superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles
Term
Cervical Vertebrae: The Axis (C2)
Definition

 has a body, spine, and vertebral arches as do other cervical vertebrae

§ the dens, or odontoid process, which projects superiorly from the body and is cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas
§The dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas
Term
Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)
Definition

 consist of the anterior clavicles and the posterior scapulae

§They attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton in a manner that allows for maximum movement
§They provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs
Term
Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)
Definition

 

§Triangular, flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the second and seventh ribs
§ have three borders and three angles
§Major markings include the suprascapular notch, the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae, the spine, the acromion, and the coracoid process
Term
Joints (Articulations)
Definition

 

§Weakest parts of the skeleton
§Articulation – site where two or more bones meet
§Functions
§Give the skeleton mobility
§Hold the skeleton together
Term
Classification of Joints: Functional
Definition
 based on the amount of movement allowed by the joint
§Synarthroses – immovable
§Amphiarthroses – slightly movable
§Diarthroses – freely movable
Term
Fibrous Structural Joints
Definition

 

§The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
§There is no joint cavity
§Most are immovable
§There are three types – sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Term
Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses
Definition

 

§Bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament
§Movement varies from immovable to slightly variable
§Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna
Term
Fibrous Structural Joints: Gomphoses
Definition

 

§The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket
§The fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Term
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
Definition

 

§A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
§All are synarthrotic
§Examples include:
§Epiphyseal plates of children
§Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum
Term
Bursae
Definition

 

§flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid
§Common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Term
Tendon sheath
Definition

 

§– elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
Term
orgin
Definition
attachment to immovable bone
Term
Insertion
Definition
attachment to the movable bone
Term

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

 

uniaxial

Definition
movement in one plane
Term

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

 

multiaxial

Definition
movement in or around all three planes
Term
Gliding Movement
Definition

 

§One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
§Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
Term

Angular Movement

 

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Definition
up and down movement of the foot
Term

Angular Movement

 

 

§Abduction
Definition

 movement away from the midline

ex: raising the arm or thigh laterally

Term

Angular Movement

 

Circumduction

Definition

movement describes a cone in space

a pitcher winding up to throw a ball

Term

Special Movements

 

 

inversion

Definition
the sole of the foot turns medially
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition

 

§:  Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another
§Only uniaxial movement allowed
§Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint
Term
Saddle Joints
Definition

 

§Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement
§Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface
§Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Term
Synovial Joints: Shoulder (Glenohumeral)
Definition

 

§Ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement
§Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Term
Synovial Joints: Elbow
Definition

 

§Hinge joint that allows flexion and extension only
§Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
Term
Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability
Definition

 

§Weak stability is maintained by:
§Thin, loose joint capsule
§Four ligaments – coracohumeral, and three glenohumeral
§Tendon of the long head of biceps, which travels through the intertubercular groove and secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity
§Rotator cuff (four tendons) that encircles the shoulder joint and blends with the articular capsule
Term
Synovial Joints: Hip (Coxal) Joint
Definition

 

§Ball-and-socket joint
§Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
§Good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket and strong ligaments
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Definition

 

§Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset
§Usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50, but may occur at any age
§Signs and symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems
§The course of RA is marked with exacerbations and remissions
Term
Gouty Arthritis
Definition

 

§Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by an inflammation response
§Typically, gouty arthritis affects the joint at the base of the great toe
§In untreated gouty arthritis, the bone ends fuse and immobilize the joint

Treatment – colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and glucocorticoids

Term

functional class of joints

 

Synarthroses

Definition
immovable
Term

functional class of joints

 

 

Amphiarthroses

Definition
slightly movable
Term
Nervous System functions
Definition

Sensory input – monitoring stimuli

Integration – interpretation of sensory input

Motor output – response to stimuli

Term

central nervous system

(brain and spinal cord)

Definition

)- integrates and coordinates sensory input and motor responses; center for higher functions.

Brain/spinal cord- Integration and command center

Term

peripheral nervous system

 (cranial and spinal nerves)

Definition

Carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain

 

 

Term

Peripheral nervous system

 (PNS/ afferent division (2)

Definition

Sensory afferent fibers – carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain

Visceral afferent fibers – transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

Term
(PNS) 2 divisions Motor (efferent) division
Definition

))  out going sensary

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs

Term
 Somatic nervous system
Definition

Motor Division: one of Two Main Parts where conscious control of muscles and reflexes (skeletal muscle)

Term
Motor Division: Two Main Parts Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Definition

Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Divisions – sympathetic and parasympathetic

 

regulates glands and smooth/ cardiac muscle.  Will talk to smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands like the adrenal glands.

Term
Astrocytes
Definition

Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells, They cling to neurons and their synaptic endings, and cover capillaries (astrocytic feet), Support and brace neurons, Anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies, Guide migration of young neurons, Control the chemical environment, Aid the blood-brain barrier

  • - type of neuralgia that’s looks like a star burst. Job is to cover the capillaries in the brain. They control the chemical environment in the brain. Aid the blood brain barrier.

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
– branched cells that wrap myelin around the axons in CNS nerve fibers
Term
Schwann cells
Definition

(neurolemmocytes)

  • wrap myelin around axons in the peripheral nervous system.

– surround fibers of the PNS

 

  • encloses and wraps the myelin sheaths around it. The upper layer of the myelin sheath is the neurilemma.  The gaps in between are called nodes of ravier. Coiling doesn’t take place here. partially enclose 15 or more axons.
Term
Which of the neuroglia we have just studied are conspicuously absent from the “vomit center” of the brain? Why?
Definition

Astrocytes, due to the blood-brain barrier.

 

Term
Dendrites of Motor Neurons
Definition
Short, tapering, and diffusely branched processes They are the receptive, or input, regions of the neuron Electrical signals are conveyed as graded potentials (not action potentials)
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented sheath around most long axons It functions to: Protect the axon Electrically insulate fibers from one another Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
Term
Regions of the Brain and Spinal Cord White matter
Definition

dense collections of myelinated fibers

 

Term
Gray matter
Definition
Regions of the Brain and Spinal Cord  that has mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers
Term

Neuron Classification

 

 

Multipolar

Definition

three or more processes

 

Ex: Purkinje cell of cerebellum, pyramidal cell, all motor fibers

Term
Neuron Classification Bipolar
Definition

— two processes (axon and dendrite)

 

: olfactory cell, retinal cell. only in nose and eyes

Term
Neuron Classification Unipolar
Definition

single, short process

 

Ex: dorsal root ganglion cell

all of your afferent sensory fibers except nose and eyes.

Term
Neuron Classification Functional: Sensory (afferent)
Definition
transmit impulses toward the CNS
Term
Neuron Classification Functional: Motor (efferent)
Definition
carry impulses away from the CNS
Term
Neuron Classification functional Interneurons (association neurons)
Definition
shuttle signals through CNS pathways
Term

 

Passive, or leakage, channels

Definition

Types of plasma membrane ion channels:

that are always open

 

Let ions leak in or out of cell

Term
what is Ohm's law
Definition

the relationship between voltage, current and resistance

 

I=V/R

Term
 Chemically gated channels
Definition

Types of plasma membrane ion channels that are open with binding of a specific neurotransmitter

 

  • opens when a chemical opens it.
Term
 Voltage-gated channels
Definition

Types of plasma membrane ion channels that open and close in response to membrane potential

 

opens when electricity opens it

Term

 

Mechanically gated channels

Definition

Types of plasma membrane ion channels

that open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors

 

when pressure (something physical) makes it open

Term
Graded potentials
Definition

 are short-lived, and have local changes in membrane potential. They decrease in intensity with distance. Their magnitude varies directly with the strength of the stimulus. Sufficiently strong __________can initiate action potentials.

Term
An absolute refractory period
Definition

 is defined as the time from the opening of the Na+ activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates. It prevents the neuron from generating an action potential, ensures that each action potential is separate, and enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses.

 

Term
When gated channels are open:
Definition
Ions move quickly across the membrane Movement is along their electrochemical gradients An electrical current is created Voltage changes across the membrane
Term
Resting Membrane Potential (Vr)
Definition
The potential difference (–70 mV) across the membrane of a resting neuron It is generated by different concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl, and protein anions (A)
Term
Graded Potentials
Definition
Short-lived, local changes in membrane potential Decrease in intensity with distance Magnitude varies directly with the strength of the stimulus
Term
Phases of the Action Potential
Definition

1 – resting state 2 – depolarization phase 3 – repolarization phase 4 – hyperpolarization

 

[image]

Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition

)- An autoimmune disease that mainly affects young adults. Symptoms: visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, and urinary incontinence. Nerve fibers are severed and myelin sheaths in the CNS become nonfunctional scleroses. Shunting and short-circuiting of nerve impulses occurs.

 

 

 

Term
Presynaptic neuron
Definition
conducts impulses toward the synapse
Term
Postsynaptic neuron
Definition
transmits impulses away from the synapse
Term
Axosomatic
Definition
Types of Synapses  between the axon of one neuron and the soma of another
Term
Postsynaptic Potentials
Definition
EPSP – IPSP
Term
 spatial summation
Definition
 postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time
Term
EPSPs
Definition
  • – excitatory postsynaptic potentials- try to excite the receiving neuron
Term
 IPSPs
Definition
  • – inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, try to hyperpolarize to keep it from reaching the threshold.

 

Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
First neurotransmitter identified, and best understood Released at the neuromuscular junction Synthesized and enclosed in synaptic vesicles Released by: All neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle Some neurons in the autonomic nervous system
Term
 Divergent
Definition
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools where one incoming fiber stimulates ever increasing number of fibers, often amplifying circuits
Term
Convergent
Definition
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools where opposite of divergent circuits, resulting in either strong stimulation or inhibition
Term
Reverberating
Definition
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools where chain of neurons containing collateral synapses with previous neurons in the chain involved w/ short term memory
Term
Serial Processing
Definition
Types of Circuits in Neuronal Pools where Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination Works in an all-or-none manner Example: spinal reflexes
Term
 parallel processing
Definition
Patterns of Neural Processing where Input travels along several pathways Pathways are integrated in different CNS systems One stimulus promotes numerous responses. Example: a smell may remind one of the odor and associated experiences: The smell of apple pie reminds you of Granny
Term
Reverberating
Definition
 is involved in short-term memory.
Term
Temporal summation –
Definition
presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order
Term

Temporal summation

Temporal= time,

Definition
summation occurs when presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order
Term

. Spatial summation

 

 spatial= physical space.

Definition

occur when postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time.

Term
Parallel processing .
Definition
is involved in long-term memory
Term
The blood brain barrier
Definition
  • in the CNS and is designed to keep chemicals out of your brain that would be harmful to it. Cant stop every chemical. Its purpose mainly centered on stopping natural chemicals from doing damage top the brain. The natural chemical that’s in your blood all the time is uria. Because liver makes it and it goes around circulatory system until it ends up in the kidneys. If the uria got in through the ___________ your brain would black out.
Term
Myelin(made of fat) sheath
Definition
  • - fatty acid made of lipid and protein mixture. Segmented. Job is to insulate the axon.  Electrically insulate fibers from one another. Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. The more myelin you have, the faster our nerves work. The faster the impulse can travel down.
Term
  • Both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers are present in brain (that’s part of the gray matter). (white matter is white and grey matter is grey)

Grey matter- is made of 2 things: cell bodies and unmylinated axons.

White matter- is always myelinated axons. White part of brian and spinal cord is always myelinated axon.

Definition
  • Both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers are present in brain (that’s part of the gray matter). (white matter is white and grey matter is grey)

Grey matter- is made of 2 things: cell bodies and unmylinated axons.

White matter- is always myelinated axons. White part of brian and spinal cord is always myelinated axon.

Term

“How do these muscle sheaths compare to the nerve sheaths in Ch 13?”

Definition

muscle sheaths have an epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, blood vessesls and fascicles

 

nerve sheaths have an epineurium, perineurium, an endoneuriem, blood vessesl, axon and a myelin sheath

Term

sarcomere

 

the smallest unit of a muscle. zdisc to zdisc

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Explain the “sliding filament theory

Definition

 

§Thin filaments slide past the thick ones so that the actin and myosin filaments overlap to a greater degree
§In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly
§Upon stimulation, myosin heads bind to actin and sliding begins

Term

[image]   What is the role of tropomyosin?”

 

Definition

inhibitor that sits on top of actin

 

helps stiffen and stabilize the actin core. block myosin binding sites on actin so that the myosin heads on the thick filaments cant bend to the thin filaments

 

t

Term

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?”

Definition

 ATP cocks back the myosin head in preperation for the power stroke

 

Term

glucose and oxygen 

C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + (36 ATP)

Definition

“What do we need to create ATP in our muscles?

Term

“What is the role of the cisternae?”

(voltage gates are in the cisternae)

(calcium is released from the cisternae)

Definition
Stores calcium so muscles will not stay contracted
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
[image]
Term

“What is the role of acetylcholine in a synapse?”

Definition

opens chemically gated Na+ and K+ channels

 

  •  
    • Binding to its receptors initiates an action potential in the muscle

 

Term

“What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Definition

  •  binds to troponin and causes:
    • The blocking action of tropomyosin to cease
    • Actin active binding sites to be exposed

 

Term
Motor unit
Definition
  • a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.
  • The number of muscle fibers per ______ can vary from four to several hundred.
  • Muscle fibers from a________are spread throughout the muscle; therefore, contraction of a single _______causes weak contraction of the entire muscle

 

Term

Threshold stimulus

 

-55

Definition
stimulus strength at which the first observable muscle contraction occurs
Term
 isotonic contractions
Definition
  • the muscle changes in length (decreasing the angle of the joint) and moves the load
  • have same 3kg weight that im trying to lift w/ my bicep but im changing the shape of my bicep. Moving this weight cause im contracting this muscle.
  • The two types  are concentric and eccentric
Term

isotonic contractions/

 

Concentric contractions

Definition

the muscle shortens and does work (e.g. lifting a weight)

 

Term

Isometric contractions

Definition
  • - resistance training.
  • Tension increases to the muscle’s capacity, but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens
  • Occurs if the load is greater than the tension the muscle is able to develop
Term

“What is the basis of the warm-up?”

Definition

to contract and relax your muscles until you plateau so you have the maximum contractions needed to prepare for exercise

 

  •  
    • Muscle enzyme systems become more efficient because heat is increased as muscle contracts
Term
“Give an example of eccentric contractions
Definition

Doing the work while you are stretching the muscle.  Your calf worked and is being stretched as you are walking uphill.  Walking down hill (stretching while contracting/ tibialis anterior)

Term

Muscle metabolism

Definition

 

- three ways to make ATP

creatine phosphate

anaerobic glycolysis

aerobic respiration

Term

anaerobic glycolysis

 

 

 

Definition

 

§When muscle contractile activity reaches 70% of maximum:
§Bulging muscles compress blood vessels
§Oxygen delivery is impaired
§Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
 
§The lactic acid:
§Diffuses into the bloodstream
§Is picked up and used as fuel by the liver, kidneys, and heart
§Is converted back into pyruvic acid by the liver
Term

 

§Why do we need calmodulin?
§
Definition
a protein that keeps the free calcium from becoming hydroxyapetite in the cisterna.
Term
Why do we need Ca2+ ?
Definition
it lifts the troponin top on the tropomysium molecule so actin can bind to the myosin head
Term

“How does resistance exercise (anaerobic) affect your muscles?”

Definition
  • More myofibrils, more actins and myosins, more glycogens.  Getting muscle hypertrophy.

Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
lacks neuromuscular junctions
Term

smooth muscle

 

Peristalsis-

Definition

alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscles that mix and squeeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs

 

squeeze the tube and force material forward repeatly. Alternating contractions and relaxations

Term
Varicosities-
Definition

in 

 

 all along the axons. From these we release neurotransmitters. 

release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts called diffuse junctions

smooth muscle

Term

 

 

Synchronized contraction

smooth muscle

Definition
  •  

    §They contract in unison, reflecting their electrical coupling with gap junctions
    §Action potentials are transmitted from cell to cell
Term

stress-relaxation response

Definition

§  Smooth muscle responds to stretch only briefly, and then adapts to its new length

§  The new length, however, retains its ability to contract

This enables organs such as the stomach and bladder to temporarily store contents

Term
Muscular dystrophy
Definition

Muscles are enlarging cause fatty deposists and scar tissue is growing because the muscle fibers are atrophying. It is a sex linked disease found on the x chromosome so mom is the carrier and son is the recepiant.  Missing a molecule called dytrophin

Term
cellular respiration
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (32 ATP)
Term
pannus
Definition
a thicken cartilage
Term

because bones have caniculi

cartilage takes 3x as long to heal

Definition
why do bones heal faster than cartilage
Term
capillaries
Definition
bring us glucose and oxygen
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
is a quartenary protein.  proteins are held in their globular shape by hydrogen bonds
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
too acidic, basic or too hot will break
Term

Actin-

Definition
 Thin myofilament, extend across the I band and partway into the A band.
Term

Myosin-

Definition
Thick myofilament, extend the entire length of an A band, each molecule has a rod-like tail and two globular heads
Term
connectends
Definition

the zdisc is held together by proteins called

 

z disc hold connect the actins together

Term
titin
Definition
alllows actins to snap back where it belongs after contraction
Term

 

§Calsequestrin:
Definition
a calcium-binding protein of the sacroplasmic reticulum that helps hold calcium in the cisterna after a muscle contraction
Term
intracellular Ca2+
Definition
The final trigger for contractions is a rise in
Term
when intracellular Ca2+ levels drop
Definition
Smooth muscle relaxes when
Term
Muscle fatigue
Definition

– the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract

 

 

§ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use
§There is a relative deficit of ATP, causing contractures
§Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle
§Ionic imbalances are present

 

Term

 

§For a muscle to return to a resting state:
Definition

 

§Oxygen reserves must be replenished
§Lactic acid must be converted to pyruvic acid
§Glycogen stores must be replaced
§ATP and CP reserves must be resynthesized
Term
muscle tone
Definition
the constant slight contraction of a muscle which doesnt produce active movements
Term

Epinephrine dilates bronchioles. Acetocholine constricts bronchioles.

Definition
Acetocholyne and epinephrine also works w/ bronchioles.
Term
cholinergic receptors
Definition
The kinds of receptors that receive acetocholine
Term

Adrenergic (works w/ adrediline)

Definition
What kind of receivers receives epinephrine?
Term
repolarization.
Definition
Potassium coming out is the
Term
depolarization.
Definition
The sodium coming in is the
Term
anaerobic glycolysis
Definition
  • – 1st step of cellular respiration. Only makes 2 ATP. Is anaerobic. Energy only last for 30-60s. makes latic acid that comes from pyruvic acid. (acids denature proteins) that is why the muscles hurt the next day. Cause muscles have been denatured and it takes a while for them to go back to their original shape. Have to keep workin out which grows more capillaries, glycosomes and myoglobin then muscles to stop producing latic acid.
Term
• creatine phosphate
Definition

a ___________ molecule w/ a  (PO4)  attached to it. When its used the  PO4 is broke off and is added to ADP to make ATP.  No oxygen is used. 1 ATP is made per each molecule. Lasts only 15s.

ex:body building

Term

incomplete tetanus

 

[image]

Definition
quivering contraction
Term
varicosties
Definition
bulbous sweelings. release neurotransmitteres into the synaptic cleft  in the general area of the smooth muscle cells
Term
gastrocnemius (prime mover) and soleus (synergist)
Definition
which muscles make up the triceps surae?
Term

 

§Prime movers
Definition

 provide the major force for producing a specific movement

 

the main muscle that does the movement

gastronemius

Term

 

§Antagonists
Definition

 oppose or reverse a particular movement

 

works in the opposite direction

 

biceps and triceps

Term

 

§Synergists
Definition
§Add force to a movement

Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement

 

help the prime mover. gives extra force. helps to reduce any undesireable movements

soleus

Term

 

§Fixators
Definition

– synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin

 

helps to hold the muscle in place. helps to hold the bone in place for the orgin

tensor fascia latae

Term

Parallel

 

 

[image]

Definition

– fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle (ex:sartorius)

run in the same direction

Term

Fusiform –

 

[image]

Definition

spindle-shaped muscles (e.g., biceps brachii)

looks like 2 sets of muscles fused together

Term

 

§Convergent
[image]
Definition

 fascicles converge from a broad origin to a single tendon insertion (e.g., pectoralis major)

a bunch of muscles all coming together

Term

 

§Circular
[image]
Definition

fascicles are arranged in concentric rings (e.g., orbicularis oris)

 

go around and around

Term
First class lever
Definition

– the fulcrum is between the load and the effort

effort and resistance is in opposite directions

 

the fulcrum is between the load and the effort

            Ex: seesaw, scissors, nodding yes

Term
2nd class lever
Definition

the load is between the fulcrum and the effort

effort and resistance is in same direction

 

ex: standing on tippytoes/  pivot on ball of feet, effort calcaneous and resistance is the whole body

 

(wheel barrell: effort is in handle. resistance is in the bucket. fulcrum is wheel)

Term
Third class lever
Definition

 – the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load

 

ex: baseball bat; effort is where habds are. resistance (you wanna move) is on the end. fulcrum is in the middle

: baseball, long ones, kicking, arm wrestling, flexing biceps, waving  

 

(whole arm and most long bones)

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