Term
| Liter amount of ICF and ECF |
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Definition
| ICF: 25L, Plasma 3L, ISF 12L |
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Term
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Definition
| Mg+, Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-, SO4- |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates osmolarity, skin tugor, lubrication, shock absorption, transport, pressure, chemical reactions |
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Term
| Control of Thirst (Intake of water) |
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Definition
| MAP and osmolarity, integrates at hypothalamus, sensation of thirst. Increase ADH |
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Term
| Control of ADH. Output of Water. |
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Definition
| osmolarity, integrates in hypothalamus, increases or decreases ADH, effects kidney (water retention and urine output) |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintains extracellular fluid, neuro-muscular control, acid base balance,, chemical reactant |
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Term
| Control of intake of Sodium |
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Definition
| NONE. pressure changes intake. only control is the output in kidneys. |
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Term
| Control of Sodium at kidneys (output) |
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Definition
| MAP changes, integrates at kidneys, efferent changes levels of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, effects kidneys, sodium and water retention and urine output. OR increased MAP, atrial pressure responses, increase atriopeptin to slow down distal convoluted tubule, decrease sodium and water retntion and increase urine |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellular determines neuromuscular excitability, chemical reactant, major cation of ICF |
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Term
| Intracellular concentration of K+ |
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Definition
| if it is smaller outside, increases diffusion out of cell and is more negative and further from threshold. |
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Term
| Control of ECF concentration of K+ with aldosterone |
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Definition
| aderenal cortex receptors, integrates at adrenal cortex, efferent increases or decreases amount of aldosterone, effects distal convoluted tubule to speed up pump. Picks K+ over Na+ for pump control. |
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Term
| Competition of H+ and K+ at distal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
| picks H+ over K+! Levels of ECF K+ will increase. During acidosis, H+ enters cells and K+ leaves to compensate. Opposite during alkalosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular: excitation increasing contraction. Stores 99% in bones around the bone cells for strength. 1% is ECF, 50% is protein bound, 50% is ionized for clotting and decreasing neuromuscular excitability |
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Term
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Definition
| clotting, decreases neuromuscular excitability. Lines Na+ pores and makes them smaller. |
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Term
| Control of Ca++ in ECF by parathyroid hormone and activated vitamin D |
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Definition
| receptors on parathyroid gland, integrates on gland and produces parathyroid hormone, effects: GI by absorbing Ca from food, BONE CaPo4 mobilizes it from the bone to reestablish blood levels, KIDNEY releases more phosphorus and indirectly increases Ca levels in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| block and slows down mobilization of parathyroid hormone on bones |
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Term
| Extracellular H+ effects on Ca+ |
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Definition
| increases Ca++ (acidosis) and decreases excitability. if low levels (alkalosis), decreases Ca++ and increases excitability. |
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Term
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Definition
| most important, affects activity of all enzymes in body, stabilizes cell membranes DECREASING neuromuscular activity. increases ecf K, increases ionized Ca |
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Term
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Definition
| weak base buffers strong acid to make weak acid used to buffer strong base to make it a weak base |
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Term
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Definition
| carries oxygen, co2, can shift saturation curve, buffer H+ |
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Term
| Extracellular H+ is determined by... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sodium bicarbonate filtered at glomerulus and must reabsorb to prevent metabolic acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| buffer strong acid, raise H+ slightly, eliminate CO2 at lungs and replace NaHCO3 at kidneys |
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Term
| Amino Acids in food and energy chain |
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Definition
| free fatty acids and glycerol to monosaccarides (add water) |
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Term
| Proteins in food and energy chain |
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Definition
| triglycerides to carbs (remove water) |
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Term
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Definition
| mucosa (epithelium-tight junctions/secretes, lamina-connective tissue, muscularis mucosa-muscle creates waves), submucosa (connective tissue with blood supply), muscularis, serosa (double layer, pulls everything together) |
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Term
| Controls of secretion and motility |
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Definition
| intramural plexus (submucosal, myenteric), ANS (vagus), hormonal |
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Term
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Definition
| parotid glands (mumps), submandibular, sublingual |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that break down carbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 9th cranial nerve, vagus, hypoglossal |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches liver to ventral messentery. GI held to liver held to ventral messentery. |
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Term
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Definition
| organs are inside parietoneal cavity. stomach, liver, gallbladder, SI, colon (sigmoid and transverse) |
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Term
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Definition
| behind peritoneal cavity. aorta, vena cava, duodenum, pancreas, adrenal gland, ureters, colon (ascending and descending) |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac (top), fundus (where esophagus enters), body with rugae (folds), antrum (gateway into SI), pyloric canal and sphincter (where sphincter controls emptying) |
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Term
| Glandular Cells in the Mucosa of the Stomach |
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Definition
| neck (water and musin), parietal (HCl, intrinsic factor), chief (pepsinogen), enterendocrine (gastrin, controls secretion) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| absorption of vit b12 in small intestine |
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Term
| Control of Cephalic Phase |
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Definition
| CNS ONLY. Efferent: Vagus, increased s&m. |
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Term
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Definition
| INTRAMURAL: distention, proteins, caffeine, alcohol. receptors: stretch, chem. Intramural plexus, local nerve fibers. increased. CNS: same except CNS, vagus, increased. ENDOCRINE: same except antrum of stomach, gastrin in blood, increased. |
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Term
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Definition
| INTRAMURAL: distention, acid chyme, carb & fats. Receptors: stretch, chem. Intramural plexus, local nerve fibers, decreased. ENDOCRINE: same except duodenum, efferent pathway: secretin, CCK, GIP, decreased. |
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Term
| Absorption into intestinal capillaries |
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Definition
| monosaccarides (glucose, galactose, fructose), amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| fats travel in to thoracic and right lymphatic ducts to subclavian veins |
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Term
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Definition
| recirculated at end of ilium to portal to liver to digest meal more. |
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Term
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Definition
| taeniae coli (longitudinal) allows for pouches (haustra) |
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Term
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Definition
| spinal reflex with vagus nerve. voluntary from sacral plexus. |
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Term
| Endocrine Cells in Pancreas |
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Definition
| isles of Langerhans. alpha: glucagon. beta: insulin |
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Term
| Exocrine cells in the pancreas |
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Definition
| acini. sodium bicarb (buffers gastric acid), pancreatic enzymes (amylase-CHO, lipase-fats, proteolytic enzymes-protein) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Control of Pancreatic Secretion (no motility) |
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Definition
| CNS: distention, acid chyme, carbs and fats. stretch, chem receptors in duodenum. Vagus, increased. ENDOCRINE: same except duodenum and secretin CCK and GIP |
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Term
| Control of Intestinal Secretion AND motility |
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Definition
| INTRAMURAL: distention, acid chyme, carb&fat. stretch, chem in duodenum. Integrates duodenum,, intramural plexus, increased. CNS: same except CNS and vagus. ENDOCRINE: same except integrates duodenum, secretin, CCK and GIP. |
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Term
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Definition
| hepatic artery (oxygen) and portal vein (nutrients) going in, hepatic vein going out |
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Term
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Definition
| lobule. hepatic cells organized around central vein. Kupffer cells are phagocytes, central vein leads to hepatic vein to inferior vena cava. |
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Term
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Definition
| biliary cancliculi join to form hepatic ducts to duodenum, gall bladder concentrates and stores bile, common bile duct combines gall bladder and hepatic ducts, sphincter of oddi is door to duodenum, opens during meals. |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins, stores fat soluble vitamins, removes harmful substances, secretes bile |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine, chemical receptors for fat in duodenum, integrates there, efferent: CCK in blood, contracts gall bladder and relaxes sphincter of oddi |
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Term
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Definition
| salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, amylase from intestinal glands, brush border disaccharidases (sucrase to sucrose to fructose, maltase to maltose to 2 glucoses, lactase to lactose to glucose and galactose) |
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Term
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Definition
| denatured by HCl, gastric pepsin, pancreatic trypsin, proteolytic enzymes from intestinal glands, brush border aminopeptidases |
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Term
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Definition
| water hydrolyzes breakdown, bile acids and phospholipids (emulsification), pancreatic lipase, micelles form (bile acids, phospholipids, free fatty acids, glycerol) |
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Term
| Input to Hypothalamus controlling secretion of other endocrine glands |
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Definition
| monitor parameter, input from brain, negative feedback from peripheral hormones, diurnal cycles (pineal gland- daylight) |
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary vs. Posterior |
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Definition
| ant: GH, prolactin, estrogen, cortisone, thyroxin, testosterone. post: ADH and oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycogenesis (store as glycogen), synthesis (into AA), glycolysis (break down to CO2, H2O and energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| FFA Synthesis (make fat, cannot go backwards), synthesis (proteins), oxidative deamination (Krebs cycle, CO2 H2O and energy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipogenesis (store as tryglycerides) or beta oxidation (krebs cycle, CO2 H2O and energy) |
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Term
| Aims of organic metabolism |
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Definition
| control of metabolism (absorptive and post absorptive rates), control of temperature, metabolism in stress |
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Term
| Insulin in absorptive state |
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Definition
| presence of glucose, integrates in pancreas, targets all cells except brain & RBC (primarily LIVER, skeletal muscle, fat cells), increased plasma glucose increases entrance into cells, decreases plasma glucose levels, increased glycolysis and glycogenesis. Increased AA = increased AA into cells, decreased plasma AA, protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis. lipogenesis. |
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Term
| Growth Hormone in Absorptive State |
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Definition
| increased AA, integrates in ant. pituitary and hypothalamus, targets most cells of body, NO GLUCOSE EFFECT, increased AA = increased AA into cells, decreased plasma AA, protein synthesis. NO EFFECT ON FAT |
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Term
| Glucagon in Post Absorptive State |
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Definition
| decreased plasma and AA levels, integrates in pancreatic alpha cells, effect is glucagon in liver, targets liver and adipose cells, Glucose: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, stops insulin. NO PROTEIN. Lipid: lipolysis. |
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Term
| Epinephrine in Post Absorptive State |
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Definition
| decrease plasma glucose and AA levels, integrates in hypothalamus, targets liver adipose and skeletal muscle, glucose: glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, stops insulin. NO PROTEIN. Lipid: lipolysis. |
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Term
| Cortisol in Post Absorptive State |
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Definition
| stress, decreased glucose levels. integrates in hypothalamus (CRH), ant. pituitary (ACTH), adrenal cortex (Cortisone), targets liver adipose and skeletal muscle, glucose: gluconeogenesis, stops insulin. Protein: breakdown. Lipid: lipolysis |
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Term
| Growth Hormone in Post Absorptive State |
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Definition
| decreased glucose levels, integrates in hypothalamus and ant. pituitary, efferent is pituitary vein, targets most cells of body, glucose: gluconeogenesis, stops insulin. NO PROTEIN. lipid: lipolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| calcitonin, t3 (active), t4 |
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Term
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Definition
| basal rate (reflex, heart, breathing) plus voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| cold, stress, sleep, fasting. integrates at hypothalamus (TRH), ant. pituitary (TSH), thyroid gland (t3 and t4). general circulation, targets most cells in body, DECREASES EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY TRANSFER. increases calorie use, increases oxygen consumption, increases heat production |
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Term
| Control of body temperature |
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Definition
| thermal receptors (peripheral- skin mucous membranes, or central-hypothalamus), integrates in hypothalamus, decreases body temp causes increased heat production (muscle tone, shivering, thyroxin and epi) and decreased heat loss (increased sympathetic, behavioral changes) |
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Term
| Immediate Stress response |
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Definition
| acute stress, sense receptors, integrates in hypothalamus, efferent is sympathetic neurons and epi in blood, effects heart, blood vessels, bronchioles and pupils |
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Term
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Definition
| medulla- AA fixed membrane receptors. epi, norepi, dopamine. cortex-steroid mobile receptors. cortisone, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
| Long term response to stress |
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Definition
| integrates hypothalamus (CRH), ant. pit. ACTH, adrenal cortex cortisone in blood. effects permissive for norepi, increased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, anti anabolic, anti inflammatory and immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| one replication of each of the 46 chromosomes, one division gives each daughter cell identical chromosomes, each daughter cell is a diploid, EXACTLY THE SAME |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of each of the 46 chromosomes, first meiotic division (replicated line up in 23 pairs, each daughter cell is a haploid with 23 replicated chromosomes, not identical), second meiotic division (23 replicated chromosomes separate, still a haploid with 23 chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary is after mitosis for 2 diploid then secondary is after meiosis 1 so there are 4 sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-8 million possibilities. crossing over between chromosomes BEFORE first meiotic division, random separation of chromosomes in first meiotic division |
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Term
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Definition
| first meiotic division produces 1 secondary oocyte (1 polar body), second meiotic division one zygote (if sperm enters in and is fertilized) and one polar body (not usable) |
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Term
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Definition
| sperm determines. male produces 2x and 2y, women produce 2x. internal organs determined by genetics, external genitalia are effects of testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| seminiferous tubules. tightly coiled tubes form epididymus. immature spermatogonia undergo mitosis and then meiosis, sustenacular cells (Sertoli) support sperm and stimulate spermatogenesis. interstitial endocinocytes (leydig cells) produce testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| corpus cavernous outside and corpus spongiosum surrounding urethra. end is calls glans. |
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Term
| Hormone regulation in male |
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Definition
| hypothalamus GnRH at puberty, ant. pituitary FSH affects sustentacular (sertoli) cells of testes and spermatogenesis and inhibin. LH (luteinizing hormone stimulates interstitial cells of testes) and produce testosterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| male external genitalia, male 2nd sex characteristics, male behavior patterns, indirect spermatogenesis via sustenacular cells, anabolic effects on protein synthesis, closure of epiphysis growth plates, negative feedback on LH |
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Term
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Definition
| follicle and corpus leteum. FOLLICLE: estrogen production by thecal cells, oogenesis creates ovum, ovulation releases ovum. CORPUS: estrogen and progesterone, scarred area unless fertilization, corpus albicans degenerates, pitted texture of ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| serosa, myomentrium (muscle), endometrium (stratum basilis where stem cells are, don't lose. stratum functionalis: lose during menstruation) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. no fertilization 2. Follicular phase 3. LH Peak: ovulation 4. Luteal or secretory phase 5. Degeneration of corpus luteum: restart cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of corpus albicans from corpus luteum, decreased estrogen and progesterone, increases FSH and LH, menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| follicle development, oogenesis, estrogen production, positive feedback of estrogen on FSH and LH, proliferation of endometrial lining |
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Term
| Luteal or secretory Phase |
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Definition
| formation of corpus luteum, increased estrogen and progesterone, negative feedback on FSH and LH, secretion by endometrium |
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Term
| Spinal Reflexes during Sex |
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Definition
| erection: para. secretion: sym. and ejaculation: sym. and somatic fibers |
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