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A&P Exam #2
n/a
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/07/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Neural Control System
Definition
nerve cells within spinal cord and brain. electrical signals on neurons. effects all types of muscle.
Term
Endocrine Control System
Definition
change secretion in blood. hormones in blood stream. smooth & cardiac muscle and exocrine glands. NOT SKELETAL
Term
Neuroendocrine Control System
Definition
hypothalamus. action potentials or hormones in blood. all muscle and exocrine glands except skeletal muscle.
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
where integration (action potential) occurs
Term
Telodendria
Definition
release of neurotransmitter at the end
Term
Neurotubules
Definition
within axon, tied in knots in Alzheimer's
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
servant for neurons in CNS. around blood vessel to neuron for O and nutrients
Term
Ependymal Cell
Definition
blood brain barrier. tight junctions. CNS.
Term
oligodendrocyte
Definition
creates myelin sheath. = neurolemmoytes. CNS.
Term
Microglial Cell
Definition
destroy harmful substances and get rid of dead tissue. phagocytes. CNS.
Term
Neurolemmocyte (Schwann Cells)
Definition
create myelin sheath. PNS.
Term
Satellite Cell
Definition
= astrocyte. Servant. PNS.
Term
Regeneration in nervous system
Definition
glia can regenerate. Myelin sheath must be intact to repair axons.
Term
Electrical Signal
Definition
change in membrane potential
Term
Resting membrane potential
Definition
-30 to -90 millevolts
Term
Signal Transduction
Definition
open or close pores to release 2nd messenger
Term
Characteristics of Action Potentials
Definition
all or none, larger stimuli means higher frequency not height, refractory period
Term
Relative Refractory Period
Definition
during resting phase, further away from threshold in hyperpolarization after repolarization
Term
Saltatory Conduction
Definition
speeds up rate of conduction. Na+ diffuses and rushes in for another AP
Term
Synaptic Delay
Definition
exocytosis, diffusion, attach to next cell, bring up to threshold
Term
Stopping Transmission
Definition
degrading or reuptake of neurotransmitter to presynatpic cell
Term
Temporal vs. Spatial Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
Definition
temporal is at the SAME place, spatial is at DIFFERENT places
Term
Divergence
Definition
input can go to a number of neurons by splitting simultaneously (wiring)
Term
Convergence
Definition
one neuron can receive input from number of neurons at same time
Term
Nucleus vs. Ganglion
Definition
cells bodies in CNS and PNS
Term
Tract vs. Nerve
Definition
collection of axons in CNS and PNS
Term
Number of Spinal Nerves
Definition
8 C, 12 T, 5 L, 5 S, 1 Cocc
Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
tightly bound to lose axons in thoracic region
Term
Cauda Equina
Definition
fibers separate, attached to sacrum by filum terminale
Term
Filum Terminale
Definition
anchors neural tissue in spinal cord
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
outer layer of spine. tough w lots of collagen
Term
Arachnoid
Definition
2nd layer, web like with absorption
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
3rd layer, tiny
Term
Epidural Space
Definition
spaces in between, on top of dura
Term
Subdural Space
Definition
under dura
Term
Subarachnoid Space
Definition
below arachnoid
Term
Posterior (Dorsal) Horn
Definition
afferent sensory input
Term
Anterior (ventral) Horns
Definition
efferent motor/secretory output
Term
Ascending Tracts
Definition
sensory
Term
Descending Tracts
Definition
Motor (horns)
Term
Decussation of tracts
Definition
crossing over. contralateral. Ipsilateral means they do not crossover
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
conscious awareness of stimuli
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
unconscious proprioception
Term
Pyramidal Motor Tracts
Definition
run through pyramids of medulla for voluntary movement
Term
extrapyramidal motor tracts
Definition
outside pyramids of medulla for unconscious coordination of movement
Term
Falx cerebri
Definition
division lined by dura, separates two hemispheres superficially
Term
tentorium
Definition
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Term
incisure of tentorium
Definition
opening where upper portion of brain pushes down on lower, connects brain with diencephalon
Term
Interventricular foramen of Monro
Definition
communication between lateral ventricles
Term
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
Definition
under lateral ventricles
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
120 ml, makes 300 ml daily. sends it to plasma to recirculate. synthesized in choroid plexus of ventricles. returns to blood with arachnoid villi
Term
Lumbar Puncture
Definition
cauda equina in subarachnoid space
Term
Medulla
Definition
respiratory center, gagging, vomiting, coughing, swallowing, decussation of pyramidal tracts
Term
Pons
Definition
higher respiratory center, RAS
Term
Coordination
Definition
basal ganglion to gamma
Term
Mid Brain
Definition
incisure of tentorium, aqueduct of sylvius, locus cerulus (what you pay attention to)
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
unconscious ascending preprioception tract, coordinate movement, auditory, balance
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
center of brain, thalamus & hypothalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
surrounds 3rd ventricle, relay station for sensory info
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
head nucleus of ANS to viscera. Motivation.
Term
Cerebrum Functions
Definition
posture and position
Term
Association fibers in white matter
Definition
linkages within same hemisphere
Term
Comissural fibers
Definition
one hemisphere to the other, corpus callosum
Term
Left Brain
Definition
reasoning, analyzing, language
Term
Right Brain
Definition
holistic, musical, spatial, nonverbal concepts
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
divides sensory from motor area (frontal to parietal)
Term
Lateral Cerebral Sulcus (fissure of Sylvius)
Definition
frontal, temporal and parietal
Term
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Definition
separates occipital from parietal
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
higher more sophisticated area, motivation, consequences, morals, moderate emotions, priorities. Broca speech area
Term
Parietal Love
Definition
primary sensory cortex (post central gyrus) touch pain temp taste. Sensory Association Areas: evaluation and interpretation. creating memories. Wernicke's language area to understand speech
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
don't cross over. Equilibrium for sound waves and position. Short (hypocampus) and long term memory. Emotions (smell is strongest)
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
Visual perception, comprehension of written word (Wernicke's). Language (tactile, visual, hearing)
Term
Limbic
Definition
olfactory cortex in uncus for defenses, amygdala (fear, anger, rage) hippocamus (short term memory, time) Cingulate nuclei (sense of identity)
Term
Insula or central lobe
Definition
control autonomic responses with hypothalamus. Respond quickly to stress.
Term
Somatic Nervous System efferent input
Definition
gamma motor neurons: extrapyramidal tracts. alpha motor neurons pyramidal tracts.
Term
Spinal Nerves- Roots
Definition
Afferent- Dorsal Root Ganglion. Efferent- Ventral Roots.
Term
Ventral Rami
Definition
come to front, form plexus
Term
Communicantes Rami
Definition
goes to viscera
Term
Initiation of Movement
Definition
precentral gyrus
Term
Stretch Reflex Steps
Definition
gamma motor neurons to intrafusil fibers of muscle spindle -> stretch -> receptors sense stretch -> send afferent info to spinal cord -> integration in spine between receptors and alpha motor neurons -> alpha respond causing extrafusil to contract -> muscle tone -> inhibit gamma motor reflex to smooth motion
Term
Preganglionic fibers
Definition
from spinal to ganglion
Term
post ganglionic fibers
Definition
from ganglion to organs
Term
CNS -> SNS neurotransmitters
Definition
ACH & nicotinic
Term
CNS -> ANS: Para Neurotransmitters
Definition
ACH & nicotinic -> ACH & Muscarinic
Term
CNS -> ANS: Sym Neurotransmitters
Definition
ACH & Nicotinic -> NE & Alpha
Term
CNS -> ANS: Symp- Medulla
Definition
ACH & Adrenal -> Epi, NE, dopamine -> Alpha, beta, dopamine
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