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A&P Exam 1-Marieb & Hoehn
Intro, Ch1 and Most of Ch2: basic terminology, biochemistry
72
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/31/2010

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Term
5 Requirements for Life
Definition

  1. Water-a medium
  2. Nutrients-cell building
  3. Oxygen-oxidation
  4. Temperature
  5. Pressure-breathing, etc

Term
3 Main topics of Anatomy & Sub-topics
Definition
1 Gross Anatomy-structures visible to the eye
a regional
b systemic-study of all structures within a system
c surface- study of internal structures as they relate to skin
2 Microscopic-structures too small to be seen with naked eye
a cytology-study of individual cells
b histology-study of tissues
3 Developmental Anatomy-study of change in structures over lifetime
Term
Pathological Anatomy
Definition
structural changes due to disease
Term
Molecular Biology
Definition
study of biological molecules
Term
Cytology
Definition
the study of individual cells
Term
Physiology Topics
Definition
1 function of organ systems
2 often focus on cellular & molecular events
Term
Complementarity of Structure & Function
Definition
1 function is dependent on structure
2 form of a structure relates to its function
Term
Organization
Definition
atoms-->molecules-->organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organ-->organ system-->organism
Term
Tissue: Definition & 4 Types
Definition
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function
1 epithelium-covering & lining
2 muscle-movement
3 connective-support & protection
4 nervous-rapid internal communication
Term
Organ
Definition
discrete structure made of at least 2 tissues that performs a specific function--eg stomach
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
maintains balance in body systems using receptors, control center, and effectors. Uses negative feedback to reverse the initial stimuli, and positive feedback to encourage the initial stimuli. Negative feedback is used to regulate body temperature, whereas positive feedback is used for blood clotting and inducing labor.
Term
The 3 Planes for bisecting the body
Definition
1 sagittal or median--splits the body into left & right
2 transverse-splits body into superior and inferior
3 frontal or coronal-splits body into anterior and posterior
Term
2 Regions of the Body
Definition
1 Axial-head, neck, trunk
2 Appendicular-limbs
Term
Dorsal Cavity Contains
Definition
1 Cranial Cavity
2 Vertebral or Spinal Cavity
Term
Ventral Body Cavity Contains
Definition
1 Thoracic Cavity
2 Abdominopelvic Cavity
Term
The Thoracic Cavity is within and contains:
Definition
The thoracic cavity is within the ventral cavity and contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum
Term
The Medial Mediastinum is within and contains:
Definition
The Medial Mediastinum is within the thoracic cavity and contains the PERICARDIAL cavity
Term
Synovial Cavities
Definition
joint cavities
Term
parietal and visceral serous membranes
Definition
Parietal membranes line cavity walls and visceral membranes line the organs. The fluid between the two membranes allows organs to move within their organ walls.
Term
The 9 Regions of the Abdomen
Definition
hypochondriac L&R
epigastric
lumbar
umbilical
iliac/inguinal
hypogastric
Term
The 4 Energy Forms
Definition
1 Chemical-stored in the bonds
2 Electrical-movement of charged particles
3 Mechanical-moving matter
4 Radiant-travels in waves
Term
Elements in Living Things:
Definition
1 Oxygen-nec. for ATP production
2 Carbon-main component of all organic molecules
3 Hydrogen-component of all organic molecules
4 Nitrogen-component of proteins and nucleic acids
Term
atomic number
Definition
# of protons in nucleus
Term
mass number
Definition
sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
Term
isotopes
Definition
forms of an atom that have a different number of neutrons
Term
radioisotopes
Definition
heavier unstable isotopes that spontaneously decompose--radioactivity
Term
List the 3 Types of Chemical Bonds
Definition
1 Covalent
2 Ionic
3 Hydrogen
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
atoms share electron
can result in a polar or non-polar molecule (eg h2o polar, ch4 non-polar)
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
atoms donate or accept electrons. the resulting attraction between the cations and anions formed IS an IONIC bond. Most compounds with ionic bonds are salts and crystalize as a solid.
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
a weak bond between molecules at points with partial charges
serve as intramolecular bonds, binding different parts of large molecules (like proteins and DNA) together into specific 3D shape
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
whenever bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged, usually when particles collide
Term
Synthesis/Combination reactions are the basis of __________ activity in body cells.
Definition
anabolic
Term
Decomposition reactions underlie all degradative or __________ processes that occur in the body.
Definition
CATABOLIC
Term
REDOX REACTIONS
Definition
decomposition reaction--food fuels are catabolized to product ATP
oxidation--is loss of electrons
reduction--is gain of electrons
Term
Equation for Cellular Respiration
Definition
glucose + oxygen --> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Term
GLUCOSE
Definition
C6H12O6
Term
Organic Compounds contain _______, and all are _______ bonded.
Definition
carbon, covalently
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
substance that conducts electrical current in solution
Term
Compound
Definition
When 2 or more DIFFERENT types of atoms bind. A molecule of a compound is the smallest unit that still acts like the compound.
Term
Define MIXTURE and list 3 Different Types of Mixtures
Definition
physical, not chemical mixture of 2 or more substances
1 solutions-homogeneous
2 colloids-heterogeneous
3 suspensions-heterogeneous-will settle
Term
Salts, Acids, and Bases are all __________; that is they _____ and ________ in h2o and can then __________ ____________.
Definition
electrolytes, ionize, dissociate, conduct electrical current
Term
A Salt is an ________ compound containing ________ other than _______ and anions other than ________.
Definition
ionic, cations, H+, anions, OH- (hydroxyl)
Term
4 Factors Influencing Rate of Chemical Reactions
Definition
1 Temp
2 Conentration
3 Particle Size--smaller particles move faster
4 Catalysts
Term
Bases are proton _________ because when dissolved in h2o ________ ions are liberated, which then bind to ______.
Definition
acceptor, hydroxyl oh-, h+
Term
pH
Definition
the negative logarithm of the H_ ion concentration in moles per liter. For example a pH of 7 means the [H+] is 10 -7 M. The lower the pH, the more acidic.
Term
Buffers
Definition
resist change in pH
Term
Example of an acid
Definition
HCl--molecular formula for an acid is easy to recognize bc the H is written first
Term
Example of a Base
Definition
NaOH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), Ammonia (NH3)
Term
5 Important Properties of Water
Definition
1 High heat capacity--absorbs/releases large amounts of heat without changing temp itself
2 High Heat of Vaporization- vaporizing requires large amt of heat so therefore a lot of heat is used up in our bodies to create sweat
3 Polar solvent/hydration layers surrounding & protecting large charged molecules like proteins
4 Reactivity
5 Cushioning
Term
Strong Acids
Definition
Acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water (HCl, sulfuric acid)
Term
Weak Acids
Definition
do not dissociate completely, molecules of the intact acid are in dynamic equilibrium with the dissociated ions. Play important roles in buffer systems.
Term
carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
Definition
carbonic acid dissociates reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons--this equilibrium resists changes in pH in the blood
Term
4 Organic Compounds for Cells
Definition
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids
Term
Exceptions--molecules with carbon that are NOT organic
Definition
CO2, CO, carbides
Term
For the most part, organic molecules are ___________ and their interactions with other molecules typically involve only small reactive parts of their structure called ________________.
Definition
large, functional groups
Term
Carbohydrates contain _________, _________, and _________ in the ratio of _______.
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 2:1 (like water!)
Term
Monosaccharide ratio ____ :____:____
Definition
1:2:1
Term
Disaccharides are formed when ________.
Definition
Two monosaccharides are jointed by dehydration synthesis (water molecule is lost as the bond is made).
Term
Define Polysaccharides and list the two with major importance in the body.
Definition
long chains of simple sugars (polymers, chains made up of many similar units).
1 Starch
2 Glycogen (starch in muscles)
3 Cellulose (fiber)
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
an oligosaccharide that is outside the cell membrane & used for communication
Term
Lipids are ______ C, H, O molecules that is insoluble in________, but _______ in _________ and other lipids
Definition
non-polar C, H, O molecule that is insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and other lipids
Term
Lipids are _________ in _______ than carbohydrates.
Definition
lower, oxygen
Term
3 Types of Lipids
Definition
1 Triglycerides
2 Phospholipids
3 Steroids
Term
Non -technical definition of Triglycerides
Definition
fats that store high amounts of energy in adipose cells
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
linear chains of C & H (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end
Term
Saturated Fat
Definition
fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Term
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition
Fatty acid that contains one or more double bond between C atoms. 1 double bond--monounsaturated, >1 double bond--polyunsaturated.
Term
Trans fats
Definition
unsaturated fat in which H has been added oppositely to each C in the double bond
Term
Phospholipid is composed of _______ and ________. The phosphate ________ is ________, while the _________ is _________.
Definition
a phosphate and 2 fatty acids. The phosphate head is polar/hydrophilic while the fatty acid tail is non-polar/hydrophobic.
Term
Steroids are the basis for _____ and ______. They are made up of 4 ______.
Definition
cholesterol, hormones, hydrocarbon rings
Term
In cell membranes, ____ ______ allow polar particles to pass thru.
Definition
transmembrane proteins
Term
4 Macromolecules that make up a cell
Definition
1 carbohydrates
2 lipids
3 nucleic acids
4 proteins
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