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A&P Exam 1 Cells
exam 1
81
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/05/2009

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Term
number of cells in body
Definition
100 trillion
Term
phospholipid
Definition
bilayer of plasma membrane; only another lipid can move through
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
pure lipid that will not mix with water at the center of the bilayer
Term
Proteins
Definition
made of amino acids (polar)
Term
Integral Proteins
Definition
embedded in bilayer, channel and regulate
Term
Surface Proteins
Definition
outside or inside, closely attached to bilayer. transport substances that are too large to get through bilayer (glucose)
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
bonding and recognition
Term
Function of cell membrane
Definition
separation, regulation, receptor sites
Term
Intracellular Cellular Fluid (ICF)
Definition
inside of cell. 80% of water in body
Term
Extracellular Cellular Fluid (ECF)
Definition
around cells. plasma (20%) and interstitial fluid (80%) makes up 20% of water in body
Term
Plasma
Definition
around cells of blood, 20% of ECF
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
70% of ECF, around cells of organs
Term
Characteristics of a Living Organism
Definition
growth, development, ability to separate itself from its external environment, makes a usable energy source (ATP), reproduce
Term
Diffusion
Definition
random thermal motion of a molecule. Equilibrium (probability of net movement in 0, probability determines direction of movement)
Term
Rate of Diffusion (Fick Equation)
Definition
D= d A (C2-C1)/ X. D= rate at which equilibrium is approached, d= diffusion coefficient determined by nature of molecule and temp, A= area available (large is good), (C2-C1)= concentration gradient, x= distance for diffusion
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
determined by thickness of lipid barrier
Term
Osmosis of water
Definition
diffusion through pores, opposite direction. concentration decided by amount of solid in a fluid
Term
Osmolarity
Definition
total number of polar molecules inside cell. normal is 300 m os. more water = lower os. less water= greater os.
Term
isotonic extracellular solution
Definition
equal osmolarity. controlled by negative feedback (drink water, urinate)
Term
hypertonic extracellular solution
Definition
solution has higher osmolarity, cells shrink
Term
hypotonic extracellular solution
Definition
solution with lower osmolarity, causes cells to swell and burst
Term
Active transport
Definition
works against concentration gradient, performs work with ATP
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
attaches on both sides of membrane
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
pinches off and creates vesicle. "cell drinking" changes shape
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
receptors, selective
Term
Phagosytosis
Definition
take bacteria or organism in that want to destroy. "cell eating"
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
opposite direction, packages protein in lipid layer, breaks up and secretes into extracellular fluid
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
lipid membrane that holds proteins. cannot see enzymes, fat synthesis
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
lipid membrane, holds proteins. has ribosomes, read messenger RNA
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
where mRNA is read
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
makes packaging for exporting (exoctytosis) creates bilipid membrane
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
digestive enzymes to breakdown and reuse carbs, fats and proteins. attached to engulfed vesicle and diigest enzyme in phagosome
Term
mitochondria
Definition
lipid membrane with enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation and contains DNA
Term
filaments
Definition
strings of proteins
Term
Microtubule
Definition
holds things in place, transport system, change shape and allows cells to move
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
holds things in place
Term
movement systems
Definition
change shape
Term
centrioles
Definition
attachment for genetic material to move
Term
cilia
Definition
projects from cell, increases surface area
Term
flagella
Definition
in sperm, allows cell to move
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
thinnest, individual myosin molecules
Term
myosin
Definition
molecules braided together to form filament
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
in the middle
Term
actin
Definition
movement of skeletal muscle
Term
inclusion bodies
Definition
wrap up what cells wants to get rid of (waste product)
Term
nucleolus
Definition
surrounded by DNA, site of ribosomes
Term
function of the genome
Definition
protein synthesis (RNA) and reproduction (DNA)
Term
nucleotides or base pairs
Definition
3 billion, molecules which hold structure of RNA and DNA
Term
genes
Definition
30,000 code for structure of proteins
Term
chromatin
Definition
46 in pairs (diploid). form for protein synthesis. unwound strings of genetic material. one set from mom and dad (allels)
Term
chromatid
Definition
92 (duplicated chromatin) form in reproduction.
Term
chromosomes
Definition
condensed joined chromatid sisters. 46 in 23 pairs. autosomal and one sex chromosome.
Term
reproduction
Definition
interphase (synthesis of DNA), mitosis, cytokinesis, gamtogenesis, control of cell division
Term
interphase (synthesis of DNA)
Definition
46 chromatin replicated to form 92 chromatid, centromere joins together identical chromatid to form 46 chromosomes
Term
Mitosis
Definition
division of chromosomes in nucleous which creates two nuclei. chentrioles (genetic info is transferred) attaches to spindles. chentromere attaches to spindles and division of 2 identical chromotid in each chromosome
Term
diploid
Definition
same kind of info, 2 alleles
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of cytoplasm (support)
Term
gamtogenesis
Definition
formation of haploid ovum and sperm, covered in reproduction
Term
external control of cell division
Definition
endocrine (causes cell to create protein and to divide) paracrine (chemical produced by adjacent cells, promotes or inhibits reproduction)
Term
Self control of cell division
Definition
surface area and volume increase signaling reproduction, proto oncogens (normal genes that make proteins which stimulate cell division), antitumor genes (limit division, produce proteins), telomeres (genetic programming)
Term
Telomeres
Definition
genetic programming for cell division, get shorter as you get older
Term
Transcription
Definition
introns and exons. synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA to make mRNA
Term
Translation
Definition
process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during transcription
Term
gene locus
Definition
codes for a particular protein, but may have different recipes
Term
genetype
Definition
what recipes have
Term
phenotype
Definition
how recipe is expressed
Term
cell differentiation or specialization
Definition
genetic info codes for proteins which determines structure and function, all cells in body (except ovum and sperm) have exactaly same genetic info
Term
control of cell differentiation
Definition
poorly understood, in embryo, gene expression and differentiation in part controlled by placement of cell in body
Term
differentiation and mitosis
Definition
200 cell types because of differentiation. selected genes -> different proteins -> different cell types
Term
Cord Stem Cells
Definition
more plastic but not as plastic as embryonic. 90% committed to blood cells.
Term
Ligands
Definition
chemical which is a message from one cell to another, affects activity of a cell.
Term
Effects of ligand receptor interaction
Definition
effect of ligand determined by receptor, ligand acts as switch to increase or decrease a pre existing activity of the receptor cell
Term
dose dependent response
Definition
dose increases, response increases until saturation
Term
saturation
Definition
when all receptors are filled. cannot increase response anymore
Term
antagonist
Definition
occupies space, prevents ligand from interacting, doesn't turn switch on
Term
agonist
Definition
acts like ligand, more of response because have this and ligand
Term
down-regulation
Definition
doesn't produce as many receptors, changes saturation point. lowers it, decreases number of receptor sites
Term
up-regulation
Definition
increase number of receptor sites, increase saturation point
Term
Fixed cell membrane receptors
Definition
water soluble ligands. 3 steps: ligand interacts, 2nd messenger, changes rate of existing reaction
Term
how ligand receptor interaction causes change
Definition
open or close membrane pores, change intracellular C-AMP and C-GMP, increase intraceullar Calcium, timing of effect (work fast, short lived)
Term
Intracellular receptors
Definition
fat-soluble (hormones, steroids) moves through receptors in nucleus. take longer to work
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