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A & P Chp 2
Chemistry Review
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/21/2008

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Term
homeostasis
Definition
body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions
Term
3 Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Definition
combination A + B = AB
decomposition AB = A + B
exchange AB + C = AC + B
Term
compound
Definition
two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
Term
mixture
Definition
two or more ingredients physically mixed but not chemically bonded
Term
molecule
Definition
two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Term
homeostatic control system
Definition
receptor monitors environment
control center decides action
effector applies control center's response
Term
anion
Definition
ion that has gained electron(s)
Term
negative feedback mechanism
Definition
depresses stimulus
example - shivering to raise body temperature, sweating to lower body temperature
Term
exergonic reaction
Definition
releases energy
Term
endergonic reaction
Definition
growth in energy
Term
To compute molarity or moles per liter
Definition
find number of atoms in element,
multiply that number by atomic weight from periodic table, fill a 1 liter container with that amount of element and water needed to make 1 liter fill line
Term
chemical level or organization
Definition
atoms combine into molecules
molecules combine into organelles
organelles combine into cells
Term
cation
Definition
ion that has lost electron(s)
Term
metabolism
Definition
chemical reactions ocurring within body cells, regulated by endocrine system
Term
catabolism
Definition
breaking down substances into simpler form
Term
anabolism
Definition
changing simple nutrients into complex
Term
covalent bond
Definition
strong bond formed by sharing electrons
Term
factors influencing rate of chemical reactions
Definition
C-CEPT
C-concentration
C-catalysts
E-enzymes
P-particle size
T-temperature
Term
components of solution
Definition
solvent - greater portion
solute - lesser portion
Term
solution
Definition
homogenous mixture of components
Term
homogenous
Definition
sample taken from any part of the substance matches a sample taken from any other part
Term
suspension
Definition
heterogenous mixture, particles will settle, example sand and water
Term
heterogenous
Definition
a sample taken from one portion of a substance can vary in makeup from a sample taken from another portion of that substance
Term
3 parts to atom
Definition
neutron - no charge, 1 a.m.u
proton - positive charge, 1 a.m.u.
electron - negative charge, zero a.m.u
Term
a.m.u
Definition
atomic mass unit
Term
Lesser elements in human body
Definition
CAPKS - calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur
NACL - sodium, chlorine
MgIFe-magnesium, iodine, iron
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
weak bond, responsible for surface tension of water
Term
major elements in body
Definition
OxyCarbHyNi
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Term
isotope
Definition
different forms of the same atom, differentiated by number of neutrons
Term
4 forms of energy
Definition
chemical-stored in chemical bonds
electrical-movement of charged particles
mechanical-movement of matter
radiant-energy that travels in waves
Term
ATP
Definition
molecules that power cellular activity
Term
3 states of matter
Definition
solid-definite shape and volume
liquid-definite volume, changeable shape
gas-changeable volume and shape
Term
chemical bonds
Definition
bonds form using electrons in the outer (valence) shell of the atom
Term
To identify atoms
Definition

atomic number=number of protons

 mass number=total of protons and neutrons atomic weight=average of mass numbers of all isotopes of that element

Term
positive feedback mechanism
Definition
accelerates or intensifies a stimulus
example oxytocin intensifies labor contractions
Term
colloid or emulsion
Definition
heterogenous mixture, does not settle.
May change form from a fluid to a gel and vice versa.
Term
Octet Rule
Definition
Atoms react in a manner to maintain 8 electrons in the valence shell
Term
ionic bond
Definition
formed by transfer of electrons rather than sharing of electrons
Term
properties of water
Definition
high heat capacity, high heat at vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, cushioning
Term
polar solvent properties
Definition
dissolves ionic substances
form hydration layers around large charged molecules
serve as body's transport medium
Term
salts
Definition
inorganic electrolytes - conduct electrical currents
Term
ph scale
Definition
acid ph 0-6.99
base ph 7.01-14
neutral ph 7.0
Term
acidic solutions release hydrogen
Definition
have lower ph
Term
alkaline (base) solutions release oxygen and hydrogen
Definition
have higher ph
Term
buffers
Definition
systems that resist large abrupt swings in ph of body fluids
Term
organic compounds
Definition
CLPN
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Term
lipids
Definition
fats and fatty acids, contain carbon, hydrogena and oxygen
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
sugars supply cellular food
simple sugars are glucose, fructose, ribose
double sugars (sucrose)
polysaccharides-chains of simple sugars (glycogen, starch)
Term
6 kinds of lipids
Definition
triglycerides-subcutaneous tissue and around organs
phospholipids-cell membranes
steroids-cholesterol, bile salts, vit D, sex or adrenal hormones
eicosanoids-prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
fat soluble vitamins-A, K, E, D
lipoproteins-transport fatty acids and cholesterol in blood stream
Term
structural levels of protein
Definition
primary-amino acid sequence
secondary-alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
tertiary-folding of secondary structures
quaternary-polypeptide chains
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