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A & P Chapter 1
From the textbook, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Eight Edition
141
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/03/2010

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Term
anatomy
Definition
studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Term
physiology
Definition
concerns the function of the body; how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Term
macroscopic anatomy
Definition
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys
Term
regional anatomy
Definition
all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are studied at the same time
Term
systemic anatomy
Definition
body structure is studied system by system. i.e., when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body
Term
cytology
Definition
considers the cells of the body
Term
histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
levels of structural organization
Definition
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Term
chemical level
Definition
the simplest level of structural hierarchy
Term
cellular level
Definition
the smallest unit of living things
Term
tissue level
Definition
groups of similar cells that have a common function
Term
organ level
Definition
a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function in the body
Term
organ system
Definition
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Term
necessary life functions
Definition
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Term
maintaining boundaries
Definition
an organism's internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it
Term
movement
Definition
all the activities promoted by the muscular system
Term
responsiveness
Definition
or irritability, is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
Term
digestion
Definition
the breaking down of ingested food to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Term
metabolism
Definition
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP
Term
catabolism
Definition
breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks
Term
anabolism
Definition
synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler structures
Term
excretion
Definition
the process of removing waste from the body
Term
reproduction
Definition
not necessary for life;
Term
growth
Definition
an increase in the size of a body part of an organism, but increasing the number of cells
Term
integumentary system
Definition
forms external body covering for protection. synthesizes vitamin d for calcium absorption
Term
skeletal system
Definition
protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, bones store minerals
Term
muscular system
Definition
maintains posture, and produces heat
Term
nervous system
Definition
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands (coordinates with endocrine system)
Term
endocrine system
Definition
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells (coordinates with nervous system)
Term
endocrine system
Definition
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells (coordinates with nervous system)
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. the heart pumps blood
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
(immunity) picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood. houses white blood cells
Term
respiratory system
Definition
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
Term
digestive system
Definition
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
(complex ---> simple)
Term
urinary system
Definition
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
Term
male reproductive system
Definition
production of offspring; testes produce sperm and sex hormones, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
Term
female reproductive system
Definition
ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands produce milk.
Term
survival needs
Definition
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continously
Term
receptor
Definition
some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli) by sending information to the control center
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
the pathway information uses to get from the receptor to the control center
Term
control center
Definition
(brain) determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
the pathway information uses to flow from the control center the the effector
Term
effector
Definition
(muscles/glands) provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
Term
negative feedback mechanisms
Definition
(most homeostatic control mechanisms) the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
Term
important in maintaining homeostasis
Definition
endocrine system
Term
positive feedback mechanisms
Definition
the result enhances the original stimulus to that the response is accelerated. (labor contractions and blood clotting)
Term
oxytocin
Definition
a hypothalamic hormone, intensifies labor contractions during the birth of a baby
Term
superior
Definition
(cranial) toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Term
inferior
Definition
(caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Term
inferior
Definition
(caudal) away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Term
ventral
Definition
(anterior)toward or at the frot of the body; in front of
Term
dorsal
Definition
(posterior) toward or at the back of the body; behind
Term
medial
Definition
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Term
intermediate
Definition
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
distal
Definition
father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Term
superficial
Definition
(external) toward or at the body surface
Term
deep
Definition
(internal) away from the body surface; more internal
Term
cephalic
Definition
head
Term
frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
orbital
Definition
eyes
Term
nasal
Definition
nose
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
mental
Definition
chin
Term
cervical
Definition
neck
Term
thoracic
Definition
chest
Term
sternal
Definition
near the sternum
Term
axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
mammary
Definition
breasts
Term
abdominal
Definition
abdomen
Term
umbilical
Definition
naval
Term
inguinal
Definition
groin
Term
pubic
Definition
genital
Term
ocromial
Definition
shoulder
Term
brachial
Definition
arm
Term
antecubital
Definition
in front of elbow
Term
olecranal
Definition
elbow
Term
antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
manus
Definition
hand
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
metacarpal
Definition
between fingers and wrist
Term
palmar
Definition
palm
Term
digital
Definition
fingers/toes
Term
coxal
Definition
hip
Term
femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
patellar
Definition
knee
Term
popliteal
Definition
back of knee
Term
crural
Definition
leg
Term
sural
Definition
calf
Term
fibular/peroneal
Definition
calf bone, lateral part of the leg
Term
tarsal
Definition
ankle
Term
calcaneal
Definition
heel bone
Term
metatarsal
Definition
top of foot
Term
plantar
Definition
sole of foot
Term
hallux
Definition
big toe
Term
otic
Definition
ear
Term
occipital
Definition
back of head
Term
scapular
Definition
shoulder
Term
vertebral
Definition
spine
Term
lumbar
Definition
lower back
Term
sacral
Definition
bottom of spine
Term
perineal
Definition
between anus and genitalia
Term
anatomical position
Definition
the body is erect with feel slightly apart, and palms face forward, thumbs point away from body
Term
axial part
Definition
head, neck, trunk
Term
appendicular part
Definition
appendages, or limbs
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Term
frontal planes
Definition
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Term
frontal planes
Definition
vertical planes that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Term
transverse/horizontal plane
Definition
runs right to left dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
Term
dorsal body cavity
Definition
protects the nervous system organs
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
(part of dorsal cavity) encases the brain
Term
vertebral/spinal cavity
Definition
encloses spinal cord
Term
ventral body cavity
Definition
more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities
(thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)
Term
viscera
Definition
visceral organs
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
contains heart and lungs, surrounded by ribs and chest muscles
Term
pleural cavities
Definition
(thoracic cavity) each envelops a lung
Term
mediastinum
Definition
(thoracic cavity), holds the pericardial cavity
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
encloses the heart, and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea)
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver)
pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)
Term
diaphragm
Definition
separates the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
serous membrane
Definition
covers ventral body cavity. the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa. it folds on itself to form the visceral serosa covering the organs in the cavity.
Term
serous fluid
Definition
lubricating fluid, separating the serous membrane
Term
pleurisy
Definition
inflamation of the pleurae (lack of serous fluid)
Term
peritonities
Definition
inflammation of the peritonea (lack of serous fluid)
Term
umbilical region
Definition
the centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval)(small intestine, transverse colon of large intestine)
Term
epigastric region
Definition
located superior to the umbilical region (stomach)
Term
hypogastric region
Definition
located inferior to the pubic region (urinary bladder)
Term
right and left iliac, or inguinal regions
Definition
located lateral to the hypogastric region (left: initial part of sigmoid colon)(right: cecum, appendix)
Term
right and left lumbar regions
Definition
lie lateral to the umbilical region (left: descending colon of large intestine)(right: ascending colon of large intestine)
Term
right and left hypochondriac regions
Definition
lie lateral to the epigastric region (left: diaphragm)(right: liver, gallbladder)
Term
oral cavity
Definition
(mouth) contains teeth and tongue
Term
digestive cavity
Definition
part of the oral cavity; opens to the exterior at the anus
Term
digestive cavity
Definition
part of the oral cavity; opens to the exterior at the anus
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
part of the respiratory system passageways
Term
orbital cavities
Definition
house the eyes
Term
middle ear cavities
Definition
contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears
Term
synovial cavities
Definition
joint cavities
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