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A&P Chap 5 Review
Exam Review from Powerpoints
106
Anatomy
Professional
01/12/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Tissue
Definition
group of similar cells that perform a common function
Term
What are the 4 Major Type of Tissues?
Definition

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

 

(Pneumonic for me:  Easy as CMN (Childrens Miracle Network)

Term
What are the primary germ layers and what arises from each?
Definition

Endoderm - lines GI Tract

Mesoderm-Muscle and Bone

Ectoderm-Nervous tissue and Skin

Term
Histogenesis
Definition
process of the primary germ layers differentating into different kind of tissues
Term
What are the two main components of the Extracellular Matrix?
Definition
Water and Proteins
Term
What type of proteins are part of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?
Definition

Structural Protiens:

Collagen and Elastin

 

Glycoprotein

and

Proteoglycans

Term
What are the functions of the ExtraCellular Matrix?
Definition
  • Binds tissues together structurally
  • Allows local communication
Term

What is the Basic functions of the Epithelial Tissue?
Definition
  • Protection
  • Sensory Functions
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
Term
What are the Major types of Epithelial Tissues?
Definition
Membranous and Glandular
Term
What are the classifying shapes of the Membranous Epithelium?
Definition

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Pseudostratified Columnar

Term

Describe and give location of:

 

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Definition

one cell layer of flat cells, scale like

 

Endothelium (lines Blood Vessels)

Mesothelium (lines Pleura)

Term
Generalizations about Epithelial Tissue
Definition
  • Avascular
  • Really dense, not much cells
  • Not much Extracellular Matrix
  • Cells are close - tight junctions
  • Can Reproduce
Term
[image]
Definition
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Definition

one, cell layer of cube-shaped cells

rest on Basement Membrane

 

Found in many glands and ducts

Term
[image]
Definition
Simple Cuboidal Epitheliam
Term

Describe and locate:

 

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Definition

single layer of tall, column shaped cells

 

Mucous Membranes - lines hollow Visceral Structures (stomach, Intestines, Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and part of Respiratory tract)

Term
[image]
Definition
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Definition

Columnar cells of differing height

All cells rest on Basement Membrane but not all reach free surface

 

Found lining Air passageways and Segments of Male Repro System

Term
[image]
Definition
Pseudostratified Columnar
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Keratinized Stratified Epithelium

Definition

Multiple layers of flat squamous cells- ceells fille with keratin

 

Covering outer skin of body

Term
[image]
Definition
Keratinized Stratified Epithelium
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Definition

Multiple layers of flat squamous cells - Free surface is MOIST

 

Lines Vagina, Mouth and Esophagus

Term
[image]
Definition
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Definition

Two or more rows of cuboidal cells

Basement Membrane is indistinct

 

Located in Sweat gland ducts and pharynx

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Definition

Multiple layers of Columnar cells

Only most superficial cells - typical shape

RARE

 

Located in segments of Male Urethra and Near Anus

 

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Transitional Epithelium

Definition

Often 10 or more layers of cuboidal shaped cells varying in sizes - changes shape with rising tension to squamous

 

Located in lining of hollow viscera subjected to stress (Urinary Bladder Wall)

Term
[image]
Definition
Transitional Epithelium
Term
What is the Glandular Epithelium Specialized for?
Definition
Secretory Activity
Term
What are the major types of Glandular Epithelium?
Definition

Endocrine

Exocrine

Term
What is the defining difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands?
Definition
Endocrine is "ductless"
Term
What are the Exocrine Gland Shapes?
Definition

Tubular

Alveolar

Term
What Shape of Exocrine Gland is found in the Sebaceous glands?
Definition

Alveolar

Simple and Multiple

Term
What Shape(s) Exocrine Gland is the Mammary Tissue?
Definition

Compound Tubular Multiple

Compound Alveolar Multiple

Term
What shape Exocrine Gland is found in the sweat glands?
Definition
Simple Coiled Tubular
Term
Where are Simple Multiple Tubular Exocrine Glands Located?
Definition
Gastric Glands
Term
Where are compound Tubular/Alveolar Endocrine Glands Located?
Definition
Salivary Glands
Term
What are the three types of Exocrine Glands?
Definition

Apocrine

Merocrine

Holocrine

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Apocrine Glands

Definition

Secretory products collect near Apex of cell and are secreted by pinching off the distended end

Cell wall damage and loss of cytoplasm

Located in Mammary Glands and Sweat Glands

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Merocrine Glands

Definition

Exocrine; secrete directly through cell membrane - NO CELL DAMAGE, no cytoplasm loss

Most Numerous gland type

 

Found in Salivary Glands

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Holocrine Glands

Definition

Secretion of products causes cell rupture and death

 

Located in Sebaceous Glands

Term
What are the Functions of Connective Tissue?
Definition

Connects

Supports

Transports

Protects

Term
General Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Definition
  • Sparse Cells
  • much ECM - cartilage almost all ECM
  • fluid, gel or solid matrix
Term
What are the Major Types of Connective Tissue
Definition

Fibrous

Bones

Cartilage

Blood

 

(Pneumonic: Fat Boys Can Blubber)

Term

What are the types of Fibrous Connective Tissue?

 

Definition

Loose (areolar)

Adipose

Reticular

Dense

 

(Pneumonic: LARD)

Term

Describe and Function:

 

Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Definition
  • One of the most WIDELY distributed
  • Consists of collagenous and elastic fibers loosely interwoven and embedded in soft viscous ground substances
  •  Fibroblasts & Macrophages notable, mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells and some WBC
  • Strechy, flexible connection
Term
[image]
Definition
Loose Fibrous Connective Tissue
Term

Describe and Give Function:

 

Adipose Fibrous Connective Tissue

Definition
  • Similar to Loose but contains mostly fat cells
  • Protection, insulation, support and food reserve
Term
[image]
Definition
Adipose Fibrous Connective Tissue
Term

Describe and Give Function:

 

Reticular Tissue

Definition
  • Consists of network of branching reticular fibers w/ reticular cells overlying them
  • Framework of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow
  • Meshwork filters out injurious particles and reticular cells phagocytose
Term
[image]
Definition
Reticular Fibrous Connective Tissue
Term

Describe:

 

Dense Fibrous Tissue

Definition

Matrix consists mainly of densely packed fibers and relatively few fibroblast cells

Irregular and Regular

Term

Describe:

 

Irregular Dense Fibrous Tissue

Definition
Fibers intertwine regularly to form thick mat
Term
[image]
Definition
Dense Irregular Fibrous Connective Tissue
Term

Describe:

 

Dense Regular Fibrous Tissue

Definition

bundles of fibers are arranged in regular parallel  lines

 

Types: Collagenous and Elastic

Term
[image]
Definition
Collagenous Dense Regular Fibrous Tissue
Term
Tendons and Ligaments of the shoulder are what type of Tissue?
Definition
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Elastic Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue
Term
General Characteristics of Bone Tissue
Definition
  • Support
  • Function
  • point of attachment of muscles
  • Reservoir of minerals
  • Supports blood-forming tissue
Term
What accounts for 65% of total Bone Tissue?
Definition
Inorganic component of matrix
Term
What are the types of Bone Tissue?
Definition
Compact and Cancellous
Term
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
Definition
Osteon (Haversian System)
Term
Where are osteocytes located?
Definition
lacunae
Term
Canals that connect each lacuna and osteocyte with nutrient blood vessels found in the central, or Haversian canal?
Definition
Canaliculi
Term
[image]
Definition
Compact Bone Tissue
Term
Where does ossification take place?
Definition

In membranes (flat bones of skull)

From Cartilage - endochondrial (long bones)

Term
The nickname "spongy bone" applies to which tissue?
Definition
Cancellous Bone Connective Tissue
Term
What is the main function of Cancellous Bone?
Definition
Supports red bone marrow which produces blood cells
Term

Describe and locate:

 

Trabeculae

Definition

thin beams of bone

 

located in Cancellous Bone Connective tissue

Term
What are the main characteristics of Cartilage Connective Tissue?
Definition
  • Avascular
  • Chondrocyte is only cell present
  • Heals slowly after injury
  • Perichondrium is membrane that surrounds cartilage
  • Lacunae houses cells as in bone
Term

What are the Types of Cartilage?

 

Definition

Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic

 

(Pneumonic:  Cartilage is out in HFE)

instead of BFE

Term
What is the most prevalent type of Cartilage Tissue?
Definition
Hyaline
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Hyaline Cartilage

Definition

Shiny and translucent

 

located on ends of articulating bones

Term
What is the strongest and most durable type of cartilage?
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Fibrocartilage

Definition

Matrix is semirigid and filled with strong white fibers

 

  • found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphosis
  • serves as shock absorber between bones at the knee
Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Elastic Cartilage

Definition

Connective tissue

contains many fine elastic fibers

 

Located in external ear and larynx

Term
[image]
Definition
Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
Term
What are the General Characteristics of Blood?
Definition
  • liquid tissue
  • no ground substance or fibers
  • 55% liquid; 45% formed elements

 

Term
What are the formed elements of Blood?
Definition

Erythrocytes (Red)

Leukocytes (white)

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Term
What are the functions of Blood?
Definition

Transportation

Regulation of Body Temp

Regulation of body pH

White blood cells destroy bacteria

Term
What are the types of Muscle?
Definition

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Skeletal

Definition
  • Striated Voluntary
  • threadlike cells with many cross-striations & many nuclei per cell

-muscles that attach to bones

-Extrinsic Eyeball muscles

-Upper third of the esophagus

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Definition
  • non-striated, involuntary or visceral
  • elongated narrow cells, no cross-striations, one nucleus per cell

-walls of tubular viscera of digestive, respiratory and genitourinary tracts

-walls of blood vessels and large lymphatic vessels

-in ducts of glands

-intrinsic eye muscles

-Arrector muscles of hairs

Term

Describe and Locate:

 

Cardiac Muscle

Definition
  • Straited involuntary muscle
  • branching cells with intercalated disks (formed by abutment of plasma membranes of 2 cells)

Located in walls of Heart

Term
[image]
Definition
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Term
What are the special Characteristics of Nervous Tissue?
Definition

Excitability

Conductivity

Term

What are the functions of the cardiac Muscle Tissue?

 

Definition
Rapid regulation and integration of body tissues
Term
What are the organs that have Nervous Tissue?
Definition

Brain

Spinal Cord

Nerves

Term

What are the cell types in Nervous Tissues?

 

Definition

Neuron

Neuralgia

Term

Describe:

 

Neuralgia

Definition
special connecting, supporting, coordinating cells that surround the neurons
Term
[image]
Definition
Nervous Tissue
Term
Which tissue have the greatest ability to regenerate themselves?
Definition
Epithelial and Connective Tissues
Term
Damaged tissue regenerates or is replaced by ___________.
Definition
Scar Tissue
Term
When skin is injured, what cells are activated to come in and fix the wound?
Definition
Fibrocytes
Term

Body Memranes

 

Describe and give types

Definition

thin tissue layers that cover surface,line cavities, and divide spaces and organs

 

Epithelial

Connective

Term
What are the types of Epithelial Membranes?
Definition

Cutaneous (skin)

Mucus

Serous

 

Term
Which is the primary organ of the integumentary system?
Definition
Cutaneous Membrane (Skin)
Term
Serous Membranes and Their location
Definition
  • Parietal - line closed body cavities
  • Visceral - cover visceral organs
  • Pleura - surrounds a lung and lines thoracic cavity
  • Peritoneum - covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdominal cavity
Term
What is the fibrous connective tisssue underlying the mucous epithelium?
Definition
Lamina propria
Term
Lines and protects organs that open outside the body
Definition
Mucous Membranes
Term
Help reduce friction between opposing surfaces in a movable joint
Definition
Connective Tissue Membranes
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