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A_P Ch 9-11 From PPT
Cards covering important facts in chapters 9-11 of an anatomy textbook. Muscles, joints, and more muscles
117
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/03/2009

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Cards

Term
Define Joint
Definition
point of contact between two or more bones, cartilage and bones, or teeth and bones
Term
Mobility and Strength
Definition
They vary Inversely
Term
Two classification systems for joints
Definition
Structural and Functional
Term
Structural Joint Method
Definition
based on presence/absence of joint cavity
type of connective tissue present
Term
Functional Method for Classifying Joints
Definition
Based on degree of movement.
Term
Structural
Definition
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Term
Fibrous
Definition
Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis
Term
Cartilaginous
Definition
Synchondrosis, Symphisis
Term
Synovial
Definition
Most everything else.
Term
Fibrous (define)
Definition
No synovial cavity
Held together by fibrous connective tissue
Little or no movement
Term
Cartilaginous (Define)
Definition
No synovial cavity
Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Little or no movement
Term
Synovial (define)
Definition
Has a cavity, is freely moveable.
Term
Functional (Hierarchy)
Definition
Synarthritic, Amphiarthritic, Diarthritic
Term
Synarthritic (hierarchy)
Definition
Suture, Synchondrosis, Gomphosis
Term
Amphiarthritic (hierarchy)
Definition
Syndesmosis, Symphisis
Term
Diarthritic (Hierarchy)
Definition
Synovial Joints
Term
Synarthrosis
Definition
Immovable
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
Slightly Movable
Term
Diarthrosis
Definition
Freely movable
Term
Gomphosis (ex)
Definition
Teeth
Term
Synchondrosis (ex)
Definition
Epiphyseal Plate
Term
Syndesmosis (Ex)
Definition
Tibia/fibula (between)
Term
Bursae
Definition
In synovial joints (Shoulder/Knee) fluid filled sacs that cushion moving parts over each other.
Term
Tendon sheaths
Definition
Tubelike bursae for tendons.
Term
Types of Synovial Joints
Definition
Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket.
Term
Planar
Definition
Gliding
clavicle/sternum/scapula, rib/vertebra, between bones of wrists and ankles
Term
Hinge
Definition
One Axis
knee, elbow, fingers
Term
Pivot
Definition
One Axis.
atlas/axis, radius/ulna
Term
Condyloid
Definition
2 axle
carpals and radius
Term
Saddle
Definition
Triaxial
joints between carpals and metacarpals (where thumb attaches to hand)
Term
Ball and socket
Definition
Triaxial
shoulder, hip
Term
Shoulder
Definition
Glenohumeral or humeroscapular
Term
Elbow
Definition
humeroulnar
Term
Hip
Definition
coxal
Term
Knee
Definition
Tibiofemoral
Term
Subacromial Bursa
Definition
A bursa under the acromion in the shoulder
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
Normal wearing out of articular cartilage with age.
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
Autoimmune disorder attacking articular cartilage and joint lining
Term
Fiber
Definition
Cell
Term
Each fiber contains . . .
Definition
several hundred to several thousand myofibrils
Term
Each myofibril contains
Definition
~4500 filaments
Term
Ratio of actin to myosin
Definition
2:1
Term
Superficial Fascia
Definition
subcutaneous layer: fat, loose areolar tissue
Term
Deep Fascia
Definition
deep: holds similar function muscles together, allows free muscle movement
Term
Epimysium
Definition
Connective tissue that encircles whole muscle
Term
Perimysium
Definition
encircles 10-100 muscle fibers (each bundle = fascicle
Term
Endomysium
Definition
separates individual fibers within the fascicle
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
Flat tendons
Term
Skeletal Muscles
Definition
Striated, voluntary, moves stuff,
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Muscle cell membrane
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
network of membrane enclosed tubules that form a sleeve around each myofibril (like ER)
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
contractile organelles of a muscle cell
Term
Transverse tubules
Definition
run transverse through the muscle fiber
internal extensions of the sarcolemma
involved (along with SR) in the transmission of the nerve impulse to the muscle fiber
Term
A Band
Definition
contains myosin filaments (thick) and overlapping actin filaments; extends entire length of thick filament
Term
I Band
Definition
Contains Actin filament (Thin)
Term
Z disc
Definition
in the middle of I band; separate one sarcomere (unit of contraction) from another
Term
H Zone
Definition
central portion of myosin not overlapping actin; middle of thick filament
Term
Sequence of events (Neuronal)
Definition
Neuromuscular junction, Fiber events, Power stroke, Relaxation
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
Synapse firing releases ACh which results in Na+ going into cells and K+ coming out.
Term
Fiber/Filament events
Definition
Action potential opens Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules
Ca2+ dumps into sarcoplasm
Ca2+ bathes actin
Troponin changes shape due to influx of calcium ions, moves tropomyosin (both are regulatory proteins)
Exposes binding sites on actin for myosin crossbridges to form
Term
Power Stroke
Definition
Myosin binds to actin (at binding sites)
Myosin swivels, releases ADP
Swivel motion of crossbridge moves actin filament past myosin filament
Repeats until ATP and Ca2+ are used up or AChE (acetylcholinesterase) acts at synapse
Term
Relaxation
Definition
AChE digests ACh
Ca2+ removed from sarcoplasm
ATP used to separate myosin crossbridges from actin
Term
Three Ways of energy processing
Definition
Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic cellular respiration,
Aerobic cellular respiration
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates
Term
Unfused Tetanus
Definition
Stimulation of muscle at 20-30 times per second
Most smooth, sustained voluntary movements are in this category
Term
Fused Tetanus
Definition
5-10X strength of single contraction
Stimulation of muscle at 80-100 times per second
Term
Isotonic Contraction
Definition
Contraction force remains constant while muscle changes its length
Term
Concentric Contraction
Definition
when a muscle contracts and its ends are pulled closer together (effort greater than the resistance)
Term
Eccentric Contraction
Definition
muscle lengthens (resistance greater than the effort)
Term
Isometric Contraction
Definition
Muscle remains the same length (Posture)
Term
Skeletal slow oxidative (SO)
Definition
Concentrated in postural muscles and marathon runners
Color: red
Fibers: smallest diameter (weakest)
Myoglobin content: high
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: many
Contractions
slow twitch
resists fatigue
generate ATP mainly by aerobic cellular respiration
Term
Skeletal fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)
Definition
Walking and sprinting muscles
Color: red to pink
Fibers: intermediate diameter
Myoglobin content: high
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: many
Contractions
3-5 X faster than SO
moderately fatigue resistant, also moderate anaerobic
Term
Skeletal fast glycolytic
(FG)
Definition
Upper arm muscles
Color: white
Fibers: largest diameter; strongest, can increase diameter 50% with training
Myoglobin content: low, but high glycogen content
Mitochondria: few
Capillaries: few
Contractions
anaerobic ATP production
rapid fatigue
fast twitch
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
striated
branched
single cells
central single nucleus
highly vascular
intercalated discs
sarcomeres and T tubules
2 actin: 1 myosin
Myoglobin content: high
Mitochondria: many
Capillaries: many
Term
Visceral Smooth Muscle (Digestive tract)
Definition
walls of hollow organs
form large networks
gap junctions allow them to act as one unit
Term
Multiunit smooth muscle
Definition
large artery walls, bronchioles, iris muscles
few gap junctions
cells act independently
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary
hormones (gastrin)
wall stretching
Fibers: slow
Myoglobin: small amount?
Mitochondria: few, use little ATP
Contractions
slow
not easily fatigued
corkscrew
nerves (autonomic)
changes in pH, blood gases, temperature, ion concentrations
slow contractions
unconscious contractions of organs, raise hairs
Term
Smooth Muscle Histology
Definition
Histology
nonstriated
spindle shaped
single central nucleus
no sarcomeres or T tubules
gap junctions in visceral, absent in multiunit
10-15 actin: 1 myosin
intermediate filaments: hold dense bodies together
dense bodies: similar to z line
Term
Myasthenia gravis
Definition
weakness in specific muscles/groups
not general systemic weakness
after 10-20 years, those muscles atrophy
Term
Spasm
Definition
sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles
Term
Cramp
Definition
Painful spasm.
Term
Tic
Definition
spasmodic twitching of muscles normally under voluntary control
Term
Tremor
Definition
rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction causing quivering or shaking
Term
Fasciculation
Definition
involuntary brief twitch of an entire motor unit visible under skin
Term
Fibrillation
Definition
spontaneous contraction of a single muscle fiber that is not visible under the skin but can be recorded by electromyography
Term
Charley Horse
Definition
torn muscle; result of impact; involves bleeding; ice, wrap, and elevate
Term
Myoma
Definition
muscle tissue tumor
Term
Myomalacia
Definition
softening of muscle; loss of tone
Term
Myopathy
Definition
disease or disorder of skeletal muscle tissue
Term
Myositis
Definition
inflammation of muscle fibers
Term
Myotonia
Definition
increased excitability and contractility of muscle; decreased power; tonic spasm
Term
Origin
Definition
least moveable end; attachment of muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone
Term
Insertion
Definition
most moveable end; attachment of muscle’s tendon to the moveable bone
Term
Myoglobin does?
Definition
Gives red color.
Term
1st class Lever
Definition
EFL, scissors, Lifting a bowed head.
Term
2nd Class Lever
Definition
FLE, wheelbarrow. Tip toes.
Term
3rd Class Lever
Definition
FEL, forceps, flexing bicep.
Term
Fusiform
Definition
Fascicles are nearly parallel to long axis of muscle
Taper toward flat tendons
Term
Circular
Definition
Fascicles surround opening.
Term
Triangular
Definition
Fascicles spread over broad area; converge at thick central tendon
Term
Pennate
Definition
Short fascicles compared to overall muscle length
Tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle
Term
Agonist
Definition
performs desired action
Term
Antagonists
Definition
opposes desired action
Term
Synergist
Definition
Reduce unwanted movement, stabilize intermediate joints close to primary mover
Term
Fixators
Definition
Stabilize origin of prime mover.
Term
Sprain
Definition
Pulled ligaments; minor.
Term
Strain
Definition
Overstretched muscle; minor.
Term
Torn calcaneal Tendon
Definition
Separation of muscle from tendons; serious.
Term
Pulled Groin (Strain)
Definition
Thigh Adductors, minor.
Term
Pulled Hamstring, strain
Definition
Lower leg flexors; minor.
Term
Runner's knee
Definition
ligament or cartilage damage; most common serious injury
Term
Shin Splints
Definition
tendonitis of foot dorsiflexors; minor
Term
Heel Spurs
Definition
inflammation of the plantar fascia; the most common cause of heel pain; can take many months to resolve; treat with heel cushions, cortisone injections, surgery at 12 months
Term
Stress Fractures
Definition
Repetitive jarring stress.
Term
RICE
Definition
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
Term
NSAIDS
Definition
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories.
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