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A_P Ch 5-8 From PPT
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131
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/10/2009

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Term
Epi
Definition
On top of
Term
Layers of skin (3)
Definition
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (not technically part of the skin)
Term
Epidermis (type of cell)
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Dermis (Type of Cell)
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
Layers of Epidermis (Lowest to highest)
Definition
Stratum Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum.
Term
Where is Stratum Lucidum found?
Definition
In the Epidermis of thick skin (heels/palms)
Term
Types of cells in the Epidermis
Definition
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells (immunity), Merckle Cells (touch receptors)
Term
Tissues of the Dermis?
Definition
Areolar connective tissue (superficial), and dense irregular connective tissue (deep)
Term
Layers of Dermis
Definition
Papillary Layer and Reticular layer.
Term
Papillary Layer
Definition
Dermis, capillaries, Meissner corpuscles (touch), free nerve endings, papillae, superficial 20%.
Term
Reticular Layer
Definition
Dermis, deep 80%, end organs of Ruffini (touch), blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands Are Deeper.
Term
Subcutaneous Layer
Definition
Tissues: adipose(FAT) + areolar, Associated structures: Pacinian corpuscles (pressure), blood vessels, nerves, injection s
Term
Explain Skin color
Definition
Melanocytes have melanin (same # per person, various levels of fullness). Epidermis, No Tyrosine = albinism and vitiligo. Carotene=yellow orange pigment. Hemoglobin = pink -> red. Both in dermis.
Term
Cyanosis
Definition
Blueness of skin due to low O2
Term
Jaundice
Definition
yellow in skin and sclera: bilirubin buildup Byproduct of broken red blood cells (liver disease)
Term
Erythema
Definition
Erythema: red: engorged capillaries  heat, infection, allergies
Term
Hematoma
Definition
Hematoma: blue/purple: bruise
Term
Accessory Structures of the skin
Definition
Hair
Sudoriferous glands (sweat), Sebaceous glands (oil), Ceruminous glands (wax), Nails
Term
Hair color -> Number of Hairs
Definition
blondes (140,000), brown (104,000), red (90,000)
Term
Hair layers
Definition
Medulla: innermost layer of hair: pigment and air space
Cortex: middle layer: majority of hair, pigment and air space
Cuticle: outermost layer, keratinized cells
Internal and external sheath (2 outermost layers
Term
Bulb: base of follicle
Definition
Bulb: base of follicle
hair papilla: areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, matrix (germinal layer=hair growth)
Term
Terminal Hairs
Definition
95% on males, 35% on females
Term
Skin Oil =
Definition
Sebum
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition
Ear Wax
Term
Nails
Definition
Tightly packed keratinized cells
Body: visible portion
Root: buried under skin
Nail matrix: deep: causes nail growth
Growth faster on longer fingers
Function: protection and manipulation
Term
Skin Functions
Definition
Body Temp, protection, Sensation, excretion, Immunity, blood reservoir, and Vitamin D Synthesis
Term
Stages of Epidermal Wound Healing
Definition
basal epidermal cell migration
basal stem cell proliferation: replaces migrating cells
Term
Phases of Deep wound Healing
Definition
Inflammatory phase (2-5 days), Migratory phase (1 week), Proliferative phase (3 weeks), Maturation phase 
(up to two years)
Term
Inflammatory Phase
Definition
Attempts to restore its normal state (homeostasis)
Constricting blood vessels to control bleeding
Platelets and thromboplastin make a clot
Inflammation: immune response
WBCs clean the wound of debris and bacteria
Term
Migratory Phase
Definition
Clot  scab
Epithelial cells migrate to bridge wound, Fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) deposit fibrin, and some collagen, Some angiogenesis
Term
Proliferative phase
Definition
Granulation: fibroblasts fill in wound with collagen
Continued angiogenesis
Term
Maturation phase
Definition
Scab sloughs off, Reduction of blood vessels, Fewer fibroblasts, Organization of collagen, changing the shape and, increasing the strength of the area, Diminished in the elderly
Term
Hypertrophic Scar
Definition
Scar with wound boundaries
Term
Keloid Scar
Definition
Scar extends beyond original boundaries into normal tissue (shiny, dome-shaped, raised above skin)
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
Process of scar formation.
Term
Aging (skin)
Definition
Changes occur in dermis
Term
Effects of aging (skin)
Definition
Gray hair, age spots, vasculature, layers thin.
Term
Vasculature
Definition
Thicker walls of capillaries.
Term
Types of Skin Cancer
Definition
Basal Cell Carcinoma (rarely metastasizes), Squamous Cell Carcinoma more common in males, Malignant melanoma (moles) Very deadly
Term
1st degree burn
Definition
Painful erythema (redness)
Epidermis partially destroyed
Basal membrane intact
Heals in a few days
Term
2nd degree burn
Definition
Erythema = redness
Blisters
Underlying tissue does not blanch with pressure
Basal membrane entirely destroyed
Dermis partially destroyed
Epidermal cells still present around hair follicles
Heals in 3-4 weeks (scarring?)
May require grafting (doesn't turn white)
Term
3rd degree burn
Definition
Brown, black or whitish
No blisters
No sensitivity
Epidermis and dermis totally destroyed
Subcutaneous tissue damage
Does not heal except from edges
Requires grafting (extensive scarring)
Term
Pressure Ulcers (bedsores)
Definition
Pressure on tissue reducing blood flow
Term
Contusion
Definition
Bruise
Term
Corn
Definition
Small callous (thickening of stratum corneum)
Term
Nevus
Definition
mole
Term
Pruritis
Definition
itching
Term
Chicken Pox
Definition
Zoster Virus
Term
Hemangioma
Definition
Red birthmark
Abundant capillaries
Term
Impetigo
Definition
Poop caused skin infection
Term
Measles
Definition
Rubeola
Term
Roseola
Definition
HHV 6
Term
Shingles
Definition
Reactivated chicken pox
Term
Striae
Definition
Permanent dermal tears, stretch marks
Term
Wart
Definition
Epidermal growth, HPV, Transmitted by contact.
Term
Functions of bone
Definition
Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis: Ca and P, Site of hemopoiesis (spongy bone), Energy storage: adipose cells in yellow bone marrow )18% of body weight(
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage on ends (joints)
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Endosteum: inner epithelial layer surrounding medullary cavity; contains bone-forming cells
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Periosteum: connective tissue covering bone; provides nourishment, growth, tendon/ligament attachment
Term
Perio/Endo
Definition
Around/within
Term
Bone Histology
Definition
Water (25%), Mineral salts (50%), Protein Fibers (25%)
Term
Osteogenic Cells
Definition
Form osteoblasts
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Build bone, secrete collagen and other substances, to form extracellular matrix, located on surface of bone, become osteocytes
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
form from fusion of up to 50 monocytes (WBC)
break down bone via enzymes and acids  regulate, body’s calcium levels, located in endosteum, no mitosis
Term
Compact/spongy ratio (bone)
Definition
80%-20%
Term
Compact bone arrangement
Definition
Osteons (haversian systems)
Term
Spongy Bone Arrangement
Definition
trabeculae = irregular lattice of thin columns
Term
Synonyms for Bone Formation
Definition
ossification, osteogenesis, crystallization, mineralization, calcification
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
Occurs in flat bones of skull, and in mandible.
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Most common method of bone formation.
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
mesenchyme  osteogenic cells  osteoblasts
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
mesenchyme  chondroblasts (secrete extracellular matrix)
Term
Interstital
Definition
Increase in length (bone)
Term
Appositional
Definition
Increase in diameter
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Only place bones can lengthen. Estrogen responsible for cessation.
Term
Bone remodeling requirements
Definition
Vitamins D, C, A, K, and B12. Minerals Ca, P, Fl, Mg, Fe, Mn
Term
Bone Remodeling Requirements (hormones)
Definition
IGF (Insulinlike Growth Factors, Stimulate by HGH), Sex Hormones, Insulin, Calcitonin(decrease blood CA level), and PTH (increase blood CA level), and T3/T4 (thyroid)
Term
Simple Fracture
Definition
Bone not exposed
Term
Compound Fracture
Definition
Bone exposed
Term
Partial Fracture
Definition
Not complete (greenstick)
Term
Avulsion Fracture
Definition
Tearing away
Term
Stress Fracture
Definition
Compression Force
Term
Direct Fracture
Definition
Force applied at fracture site
Term
Indirect Fracture
Definition
force transmitted via tissues to fracture site distant to application point
Term
Pathologic Fracture
Definition
weakness due to disease (example: osteoporosis)
Term
Blast
Definition
Budding
Term
Fracture Hematoma
Definition
Broken blood vessels, Clot (hematoma) forms in 6-8 hours, Inflammation  cell death, Phagocytes and osteoclasts remove debris and dead cells, Up to several weeks in length
Term
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Definition
Fibroblasts and chondroblasts enter, Collagen fibers join bone ends, Fibrocartilage callus forms, 3 weeks
Term
Bony callus formation
Definition
In more vascular areas (osteoblast activity), Spongy bone formed first, Links bone fragments, 3-4 months
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
Loss of CA and P
Term
Musculoskeletal system consists of . . .
Definition
Bones, Muscles, Joints
Term
Orthopedics
Definition
science concerned with prevention or correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
Term
Axial Skeletal System
Definition
80 bones, Includes skull (cranium, face), hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax (sternum, ribs)
Term
Appendicular System
Definition
126 bones, Upper and lower extremities, Pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles
Term
Long Bones
Definition
Length > Width, Mostly compact bone in diaphyses, some spongy bone in epiphyses
Term
Short Bones
Definition
Square, mostly spongy bones
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
Sandwich with Spongy in the middle.
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
Other.
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
Patella, floats around within tendons as protection.
Term
Sutural Bones
Definition
Odd lil bones found in sutures.
Term
Bone Depressions
Definition
fissure: narrow slit, fossa: shallow indentation, sulcus: groove
Term
Bone Openings
Definition
foramen: opening for blood vessels, nerves, or, ligaments Foramena = plural, meatus: tubelike opening
Term
Joint Processes
Definition
Condyle: large round process at end of bone
Facet: smooth flat articular surface
Head: rounded articular process supported by neck
Term
Attachment Processes
Definition
Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Spinous Process, Trochanter, Tubercle, Tuberosity
Term
Crest
Definition
Crest: prominent ridge
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
Epicondyle: process above a condyle
Term
Line
Definition
Line: long, narrow ridge or border
Term
Spinous process
Definition
Spinous process: sharp, slender projection
Term
Trochanter
Definition
Very large projection
Term
Tubercle
Definition
Small rounded projection
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
Large, rounded, rough projection
Term
TMJ
Definition
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome.
Term
Paranasal Sinuses (Functions)
Definition
produce mucus
lighten skull
voice resonance
Term
Paranasal Sinuses (Locations)
Definition
frontal
maxillary
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
Term
Three Vertebral Curves
Definition
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar
Term
Herniated Discs
Definition
Nucleous Proposa gets out.
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
Side to side curve (bad) (spine)
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated Thoracic Curve
Term
Lordosis
Definition
Exaggerated Lumbar Curve
Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
Nerve tissue gets a lil too close to the outside (spine)
Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition
clavicle (collarbone)
scapula (shoulder blade)
Term
Each limb has . . .
Definition
30 bones, Arms have one more Carpal than Legs' Tarsals, but Legs have a patella.
Term
Pelvic Girdle
Definition
ilium
ischium
pubis
Term
True/False Pelvis
Definition
True Pelvis is above the False
Term
Female vs. Male Pelvis
Definition
Male: Thinner, Pubic arch (bottom) Less than 90 degrees, and coccyx bent in.
Female:Wider, Pelvic Arche > 90 degrees, and coccyx a little straighter down.
Term
Foot Arches (function)
Definition
cushion footfalls
distribute weight over hard and soft tissues
provide leverage for walking
Term
Foot Arches (Structure)
Definition
2 longitudinal arches
1 transverse arch
Term
Flatfoot
Definition
No arch
Term
Clawfoot
Definition
Too much arch
Term
Gender and the Skeleton
Definition
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