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A_P Ch 12-14 From PPT
Terms from ch 12-14
140
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/06/2009

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Term
Sensory Nerve
Definition
Detects changes
Term
Integrative Nerve
Definition
Stores Information, Decides on response.
Term
Motor neurons
Definition
Stimulates effectors, (nerves, muscles, glands)
Term
Neurology
Definition
Study of the nervous system
Term
CNS
Definition
Brain and Spinal cord (Central Nervous System
Term
PNS
Definition
All other nerves (Peripheral Nervous System)
Term
Brain
Definition
100 Billion Neurons
Term
Spinal Cord # neurons
Definition
100 Million
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
Voluntary
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Involuntary.
Term
Parasympathetic Division
Definition
Of the ANS. (Craniosacral) (Calms you down)
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
Part of ANS. (Fight or Flight)
Term
Enteric Nervous System
Definition
ENS, part of ANS. (GI tract)
Term
Parts of the ANS
Definition
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and enteric.
Term
PNS # of nerves
Definition
12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Term
Receptor Types
Definition
Exteroreceptors, proprioreceptors, interocepters.
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Decisions, Reflex arc, Higher Brain Centers.
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
Where Axon joins Soma.
Term
Trigger Zone
Definition
Axon Hillock -> initial segment
Term
Multipolar neuron
Definition
Many dendrites and one neuron.
Term
Multipolar Neuron (ex)
Definition
Most efferent neurons, most neurons in brain and spinal cord.
Term
Bipolar Neuron
Definition
1 dendrite and 1 axon,
Term
Bipolar Neuron (ex.)
Definition
Special sense organs, retina.
Term
Unipolar neuron
Definition
Axon and dendrites fuse into 1 process that divides into 2 branches.
Term
Unipolar Neuron (ex.)
Definition
Sensory afferent neuron.
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
Has mitotic potential. 5-50x more than neurons. Many types.
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Type of Neuroglia, star shaped, protoplasmic (gray), and fibrous (white), most numerous.
Term
Astrocyte function.
Definition
Neuron support
Link neurons to blood vessels
Blood-brain barrier
Neurotransmitter metabolism
Regulate K balance (important for generation of action potentials)
Regulate neuron migration
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Type of Neuroglia. Produces myelin for CNS neurons from between neurons.
Term
Microglia
Definition
Type of Neuroglia, derived from WBC, phagocytosis.
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
Type of Neuroglia, single layer epithelium, produces and assists in the circulation of CSF.
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
Flat cells that produce PNS myelin 1-1 ratio to axons.
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Flat and around ganglion. Supports PNS ganglia.
Term
White matter
Definition
Inside of brain, outside of spinal cord. Fast impulse. Myelinated.
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Inside Spine, outside of brain. Slow impulse, unmyelenated.
Term
Membrane potentials
Definition
Outside = Positive, inside = negative.
Term
Ion Channels
Definition
allow Ions across the cell membrane.
Term
Types of Ion Channels
Definition
Leakage and Gated.
Term
Gated Ion Channels
Definition
Voltage, Ligand, and Mechanical.
Term
Voltage Gated Ion Channel
Definition
Electric Change opens channel.
Term
Ligand Gated Ion Channel
Definition
Chemical stimulus opens channel.
Term
Mechanical Gated Ion Channel
Definition
Mechanical stimulus causes gate to open.
Term
Resting Membrane Potential
Definition
ions distributed unevenly
ECF = Na+, Cl- (net positive charge)
ICF = K+, phosphates, amino acids (net negative charge)
membrane permeability
moderate to K
low to Na
mV (1/1000 Volt)
Typical value = -70 mV
Polarization
net + outside
net – inside
maintained by Na/K pump
3 Na out and 2 K in
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Sodium in
Term
repolarization
Definition
K flows out
Term
Type A,B,C
Definition
Alphabetical, largest -> smallest, Myelinated, myelinated, un, fastest to slowest.
Term
Electrical Synapses
Definition
Cell -> Cell junctions.
Found in visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, developing embryo, CNS
Rapid, synchronous
Can be two-way communication
Term
Chemical Synapses
Definition
No cell-cell touch. 1 way comm. Excitatory or inhibitory modification
Locations
most neuron-neuron, neuron-skeletal muscle, neuron-gland junctions
Term
Action vs. Graded Potentials
Definition
A = Propagate, Long Distance, All or none, refractory
G = Not Prop, local, Graded Amplitude, no refractory
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
ACh, Amino Acids, Biogenic amines, Nitric Oxide, Neuropeptides,
Term
How Drugs modify neurotransmission.
Definition
Affect neurotransmitter production
Affect release of neurotransmitter
Activate or block neurotransmitter receptor site
Affect neurotransmitter removal
Term
Spinal Cord Function
Definition
Gray Matter (Process reflexes, Mediate reactions to stimuli) White Matter (Conduction path for motor and sensory Neurons)
Term
Meninges
Definition
3 protective tissue coverings.
Term
CSF
Definition
cerebrospinal fluid; circulates in subarachnoid space and in ventricles of the brain
Term
Meninges Layers *
Definition
Layers and spaces (superficial  deep):
Epidural space
Dura mater (outer layer)
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater (middle layer)
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater (inner layer)-denticulate ligaments
Meningitis: inflammation
Term
Gray Matter components
Definition
neuron somas: nuclei
dendrites
neuroglia
unmyelinated axons
Term
White Matter Components
Definition
myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons
form ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fiber tracts
Term
Spinal nerves (distribution)
Definition
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
Surrounds individual fibers
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Surrounds Fascicles
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Surrounds entire nerve, Fuses with Dura Mater
Term
Plexuses
Definition
Networks of branched spinal nerves concentrated in one area.
Term
Anterior and Lateral spinothalamic tracts
Definition
Pain, Temp, Crude Touch, Deep Pressure.
Term
Posterior Column
Definition
proprioception
discriminative touch
two-point touch
pressure
vibration
Term
Ascending Spinal Cord Tracts
Definition
Anterior and lateral Spinothalamic Tracts, Posterior Column.
Term
Descending Spinal cord tracts
Definition
Direct indirect
Term
Ascending
Definition
Sensory
Term
Descending
Definition
Motor
Term
Direct Descending Spinal cord tracts
Definition
Motor, lateral and anterior corticospinal
corticobulbar
control precise voluntary movement
Term
Indirect Spinal cord tracts: Descending
Definition
Motor, rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal
control automatic movements
coordination
muscle tone
posture
balance
Term
Reflex Arc Components
Definition
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron
Integration center (monosynaptic or polysynaptic)
Motor neuron
Effector
Term
Somatic Spinal Reflexes
Definition
Stretch: ipsilateral, maintain tone and coordination
Tendon: ipsilateral, cause muscle relaxation when force is too large
Flexor (withdrawal): ipsilateral, protect from pain
Crossed extensor: contralateral, maintain balance (extension/flexion  opposites)
Term
Patellar reflex
Definition
Knee Jerk
Term
Achilles Reflex
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
Babinski
Definition
Great toe extends (children)
Term
Abdominal
Definition
Compression of abdomen
Term
Neuritis
Definition
Nerve Inflammation
Term
Protective Coverings of the Brain
Definition
Cranial Bones, Cranial Meningies, CSF, Blood, Neuroglia.
Term
Blood flow to/from brain
Definition
Vertebral/carotid = to brain, jugular = from
Term
BBB Anatomical Basis
Definition
Astrocytes, capillary endothelium (tight junctions), continuous basement membrane.
Term
BBB Biochemical Basis
Definition
quick passage: water, gases, lipid-soluble
slow passage: ions, urea, creatine
do not pass: proteins, antibiotics
Term
BBB Physiological Basis
Definition
astrocytes: selective transport
Term
BBB weakness
Definition
Circumventricular organs. Where HIV enters brain.
Term
Choroid plexus
Definition
Ventricle walls, produces CSF
Term
CSF contents
Definition
water, glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, ions, lymphocytes
Term
Medulla Oblongata (white matter)
Definition
Ascending and descending tracts to spinal cord and rest of brain
Most axons decussate (cross over)
Pyramids: anterior side, motor tracts, link cortex to spinal cord and control skeletal muscles
Term
Medulla Oblongata (Gray Matter)
Definition
Gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus: sensory relay to contralateral thalamus
Vital function nuclei: cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor (BP)
Nonvital functions: swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccuping
Nuclei for cranial nerves VIII-XII Olive: lateral surface
inferior portion: precise movement
accessory portion: equilibrium, posture, balance
Vestibular nuclei: equilibrium
Term
Medial Lemniscus
Definition
White matter that runs throughout the brainstem, Fiber tracts, Relays sensory information from medulla oblongata through the pons and midbrain up to the thalamus.
Term
Pons
Definition
Fiber tracts: transverse: connect right and left cerebellum via peduncles
longitudinal: spinal cord to upper brain stem
Nuclei: cranial nerves V-VII, part of VIII
pneumotaxic and apneustic areas: breathing
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Fiber tracts
cerebral peduncles (connect right and left cerebral hemispheres) and to spinal cord
cerebellar peduncles: connect midbrain to cerebellum
tectum
superior colliculi: reflex movement to visual stimuli
inferior colliculi: reflex movement to sounds
substantia nigra: subconscious muscle activity
red nuclei: coordinate muscle movement
cranial nerves III and IV
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
Clusters of gray matter
Dispersed through brain stem
Muscle tone = slight contraction in normal resting muscles
RAS (reticular activating system) maintains consciousness
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Inferior to occipital cerebral lobes
Posterior to brain stem
Coordination (physical) and balance
Term
Cerebellum Structure
Definition
2 hemispheres
right and left
each has anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes
1 central vermis
Layers
cerebellar cortex: folia (gray matter)
white matter: arbor vitae
nuclei
Peduncles
3 pairs attach to brain stem
Term
Cerebellum Functions
Definition
Relate actual to intended movement
Adjust via motor neuron feedback to other parts of brain
Coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
Posture, balance
Term
Diencephelon
Definition
Continuous with brain stem
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (pineal gland, habenular nuclei)
Integration, relay centers
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Surrounds 3rd ventricle
Mostly gray, some white matter
Relays sensory information to cerebral cortex (not olfaction)
hearing via medial geniculate nuclei
vision via lateral geniculate nuclei
taste and general senses via ventral posterior nuclei
Term
Thalamus cont.
Definition
Relays motor impulses
voluntary: ventral lateral nuclei
involuntary: ventral anterior nuclei
Conscious recognition of
pain
temperature
some awareness of light touch and pressure
Cognition or thinking (plays a central role)
Emotions
anterior nucleus
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Located inferiorly to thalamus
Mammillary bodies: olfaction relay
Infundibulum: connects to pituitary gland
Median eminence: synthesis of several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on pituitary
Supraoptic region: produce ADH and OT
Preoptic region: regulates some autonomic functions
Term
Hypothalamic Functions
Definition
Major homeostatic regulator (integrate heart rate, respiratory rate, BP)
Emotions: rage, aggression
Behavior
Eating (feeding center, satiety center)
Drinking (thirst center)
Body temperature
Circadian rhythms
Consciousness
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
Pineal gland
part of epithalamus, superior to thalamus
secretes melatonin: circadian cycles with hypothalamus (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
Term
Subthalamus
Definition
Inferior to thalamus
Tracts and nuclei connect to motor areas of cerebrum
Assist in body movement
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Largest part of brain
Covers diencephalon
Right and left hemispheres
Thinking, memory, learning
Outer gray matter = cortex (billions of neurons)
Inner white matter = fiber tracts
Term
Cerebrum Lobes
Definition
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Insula: deep, cannot be seen in external view
Occipital
Markings
gyri: wrinkled, raised
sulci: shallow groove
fissure: deep groove
Term
Cerebral White Matter
Definition
Association tracts: connect axons ipsilaterally (same side)
Commissural tracts: connect axons contralaterally (opposite side)
Projection tracts: connect axons from cerebrum to other parts of brain
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
Three masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere
Help control muscle movements
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Found on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon
Controls emotionally derived behavior = “emotional” brain
pain, pleasure, anger, fear, sorrow, sexuality
Controls memory
hippocampus (along with cerebrum)
Term
Cerebrum Sensory Areas
Definition
Deal with sensory input
Primary somatosensory area: proprioception, pain, temperature, itching, tickling
Primary visual area
Primary auditory area
Primary gustatory area
Primary olfactory area
Term
Cerebrum Motor Areas
Definition
Deal with motor responses
Primary motor area
Broca’s speech area
Term
Cerebrum Association Areas
Definition
Somatosensory association area
Frontal association area: memory, emotion, reasoning, will, judgment, personality, intelligence
Visual association area
Auditory association area
Wernicke’s area: translates words into thoughts
Common integrative area: relays information about many senses to appropriate part of cerebrum
Premotor area: sequential learned motor activities
Frontal eye field area: reading movements
Term
Left Brain
Definition
Left
right hand control
language
math
science
Term
Right Brain
Definition
Right
left hand control
music
art
spatial patterns
insight, imagination
mental images of special senses
Term
Alpha waves
Definition
Alpha waves
8-13 Hz
awake and resting with eyes closed
disappear during sleep
Term
Beta Waves
Definition
Beta waves
14-30 Hz
during sensory input and mental activity
Term
Theta Waves
Definition
Theta waves
4-7 Hz
emotional stress
many brain disorders
Term
Delta Waves
Definition
1-5 Hz
deep sleep in adults
awake infants
if in awake adult, brain damage
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs, named based on distribution and attachment to brain
I and II are sensory nerves (no motor axons)
III – XII are mixed nerves
Term
Cranial Nerve Mnemonic
Definition
O: Olfactory Nerve
O: Optic Nerve
O: Oculomotor Nerve
TO: Trochlear
TOUCH: Trigeminal
AND: Abducens
FEEL: Facial
VERY: Vestibulocochlear Nerve
GREEN: Glossopharyngeal Nerve
VEGETABLES: Vagus Nerve
AND: Accessory Nerve
HOW: Hypoglosseal Nerve
Term
CN 1
Definition
Olfactory nerve
Sensory only: smell
Disorder: anosmia (lack of sense of smell)
Term
CN 2
Definition
Optic nerve
Sensory only: vision
Disorder: anopia (lack of sight)
Term
CN 3
Definition
Oculomotor nerve
Mixed (mainly motor)
Eyeball proprioceptors
Extrinsic eye muscles, eyelid, ciliary muscles
Term
CN 4
Definition
Trochlear nerve
Mixed (mainly motor)
Proprioception
Movement of eyeball
Disorders: diplopia (double vision), strabismus
Term
CN 5
Definition
Trigeminal nerve
Mixed
Chewing
Proprioception, touch, pain, temperature (around eyes, palate and throat, front 2/3 tongue, skin of anterior part of ear)
Term
CN 6
Definition
Abducens nerve
Mixed
Extrinsic eye motor
Proprioception of eyeball
Disorder: strabismus
Term
CN 7
Definition
Facial nerve
Mixed
Muscles of scalp, face, neck, salivary glands, tear glands
Sensory: above plus front 2/3 tongue
Disorder: Bell’s palsy
Term
CN 8
Definition
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Mixed (mainly sensory): hearing, equilibrium
Disorders: tinnitus, deafness, vertigo, ataxia (muscle uncoordination), nystagmus
Term
CN 9
Definition
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Mixed
Motor: secrete saliva
Sensory: posterior 1/3 tongue
Disorders: difficulty swallowing, reduced saliva, loss of taste
Term
CN 10
Definition
Vagus nerve
Mixed
Motor: heart, bronchial passages, GI tract, gallbladder: visceral movement
Sensory: visceral sensation, proprioception
Vocal cord paralysis, difficulty swallowing
Carotid massage and strain on defecation (slows heart rate)
Term
CN 11
Definition
Accessory nerve
Mixed
Motor: swallowing and head movements
Sensory: proprioception
Disorders: inability to raise shoulders, turn head
Term
CN 12
Definition
Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed
Motor: tongue muscles, speech swallowing
Sensory: tongue proprioceptors
Tongue points to damaged side
Disorders: difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking
Term
Ischemic Stroke
Definition
Reduced blood supply (most common)
Term
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Definition
Ruptured Blood Vessel
Term
TIA
Definition
Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary cerebral dysfunction
Poor circulation (blood clots, atherosclerosis, blood disorders)
Term
Dyslexia (scan tips)
Definition
Visual more than language, Left side.
Term
Agnosia
Definition
Loss of recognition of sensory input
Term
Apraxia
Definition
Loss of purposeful movements
Term
Delirium
Definition
Abnormal attention span and cognition.
Term
Dementia *
Definition
Progressive loss of Intellectual abilities.
Term
Lethargy *
Definition
Functional Sluggishness
Term
Nerve Block
Definition
local anesthesia given that leads to loss of sensation
Term
Neuralgia
Definition
Peripheral Nerve Pain
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