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A&P 2 Unit Test 1
Dr Adamcheck, HVCC
111
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/16/2008

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Term
What are three functions of blood?
Definition
Transportation, Regulation, Protection
Term
What does the blood regulate?
Definition
Temperature, Ph, electrolyte balance, Maintain fluid balance
Term
What connective tissue helps from loosing blood AND helps prevent infection?
Definition
Blood
Term
Blood comprises what percentage of body weight?
Definition
7-8%
Term
The average person has how much blood?
Definition
5 to 5.5 liters
Term
What is the pH of blood?
Definition
7.35 - 7.45
Term
Blood is slightly acidic or basic?
Definition
basic
Term
Why do males have slightly higher blood production?
Definition
testosterone
Term
What are the physical qualities of blood?
Definition
Opaque, salty, metalic taste, Viscus
Term
What are the percentages of plasma vs formed elements in blood?
Definition
55% plasma, 45% formed elements
Term
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Definition
Serum has no clotting protiens or platelets
Term
A test for formed elements is called?
Definition
hematicrit
Term
What is the percentage of plasma proteins in blood?
Definition
7%
Term
Albunims regulate?
Definition
osmotic pressure
Term
What blood protein transports lipids, steroids and hormones?
Definition
albunims
Term
Gamma Globulins are made by?
Definition
Plasma cells
Term
How are small ions kept in the bloodstream?
Definition
They are bound to Gamma Globulins
Term
Fibrinogens are _____________ proteins.
Definition
Clotting
Term
Fibrinogen has to do with what process?
Definition
clotting
Term
All formed elements in blood come from?
Definition
Hemocytoblasts (stem cells)
Term
Most hemocytoblasts become?
Definition
Myeloid stem cells
Term
What type of cell does NOT come from myeloid stem cells?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Term
Platelet formation is called?
Definition
Thrombopoises
Term
Erythropoisis is?
Definition
RBC formation
Term
What type of cell comprises 33% of all cells in the body?
Definition
Red Blood Cells.
Term
About how many RBCs are in 1 cubic mm?
Definition
5 million
Term
How long does a RBC live?
Definition
120 days
Term
What are the benefits of the RBC's shape?
Definition
provides more surface area, allows it to travel in very small vessels, They can stack like dimes (roulaeu)
Term
What does a RBC NOT have that other cells have?
Definition
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Mitachondria
Term
What comprises 95% of a RBC?
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
A hemoglobin is a ___________________ structure and comprised of 4 __________________ structures.
Definition
Quadrinary, Tertiary
Term
In the middle of each tertiary group in a hemoglogin is a ?
Definition
heme
Term
How many iron ions can 1 hemoglobin hold?
Definition
4 (one in each heme group)
Term
About how many hemoglobins are in each RBC?
Definition
250 million
Term
About how many oxygen molecules (each molecule is O2) can an RBC hold?
Definition
1 billion
Term
When Hgb (hemoglobin) carries oxygen it is called?
Definition
Oxyhemoglobin
Term
When Hgb (hemoglobin) has no oxygen it is called?
Definition
Deoxyhemoglobin
Term
Carbamino hemoglobin is?
Definition
Hemoglobin carrying CO2
Term
At the end of a RBCs life what percentage are filtered out through the kidney?
Definition
10%
Term
What causes the yellow color of urine?
Definition
The broken down hemoglobin
Term
What is the meaning of life?
Definition
42
Term
At the end of the RBCs life what happens to 90% of them?
Definition
They get phagosotized by the macrophage cells
Term
The Globin part of the RBC is broken down into ______________ at the end of the RBCs life?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
When the iron ion is pulled out of the heme group, it is bound to this protein.
Definition
What is transferrin.
Term
What is iron stored as in the bone marrow and liver?
Definition
Ferritin and hemosiderin.
Term
A macrophage turnes the nitrogen from a broken down RBC first into______, then into_____?
Definition
Biliverdin, unconjugated bilirubin
Term
Where is the unconjugated bilirubin turned into conjugated bilirubin?
Definition
The liver
Term
To make RBCs, what basic ingredients are needed?
Definition
Amino acids, B12, B6, Iron
Term
What are the five phases of hemostatis?
Definition
Vascular, Platelet phase, Coagulation, clot retraction, Fibrinolysis.
Term
What function is common to all WBCs?
Definition
Diapedesis, Positive chemotaxis
Term
What three types of WBCs can do phagocytosis?
Definition
Neutrophils, Monocytes, Eosinophils
Term
What regulates RBC production?
Definition
EPO
Term
Where is EPO made?
Definition
Kidney
Term
What regulates WBCs?
Definition
CSF
Term
What are three causes of Anemia?
Definition
Decreased RBC Production, Hemoglobin caused, Genetic
Term
Decreased RBC production by destruction of bone marrow is what disease?
Definition
Aplastic anema
Term
If you don't have enough vitiman B12, what type of anemia can you get?
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
Term
How many WBCs can be in 1 cubic mm?
Definition
7500
Term
How long does it take for RBCs to get into the bloodstream and mature?
Definition
5-7 days
Term
What is an immature RBC called?
Definition
Reticulocyte
Term
Basophils comprise what percentage of WBCs?
Definition
1%
Term
AB type blood has no ________________ but has both A and B __________________
Definition
Antibodies, Atigens
Term
Name three functions of platelets?
Definition
Transport chemicals important to clotting, Can become sticky and form platelet plug, slightly contractile.
Term
What is a normal platelet count?
Definition
350,000 per cubic mm
Term
Lack of clotting factor ____ leads to Hemophelia?
Definition
VIII
Term
Where are many clotting factors made?
Definition
In the liver
Term
Thrombocytopenia is?
Definition
a lack of platelets
Term
What is the end product of the extrinsic pathway (hemostasis)?
Definition
TTP
Term
What is the end product of the intrinsic pathway (hemostasis)?
Definition
PTP
Term
A vitamin K deficiency leads to a decrease in this notable clotting factor?
Definition
What is prothrombin
Term
What prevents the AV valves from swinging into the atria?
Definition
Cordea Tendinea
Term
A place in the heart that spontaneously depolarizes but is not a node is called?
Definition
ectopic focus
Term
Durring ventricular systole, at one point all four valves are closed, this is called?
Definition
Isovolumetric Contraction
Term
Why is the absolute refractory period of heart muscle so long?
Definition
Due to the Calcium in the cell
Term
Cardiac output is (define)
Definition
Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
Term
What effects EDV?
Definition
Filling time and Venous Return
Term
What effects ESV?
Definition
Preload, Contractility
Term
What are the four layers of the Tunica Intima?
Definition
Endothelium, Basement Membrane, Lamina Propria (muscle), Internal elastic membrane
Term
What are the Three general structures of a blood vessel wall?
Definition
Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
Term
The right atrium develops how much pressure?
Definition
15mm Hg
Term
The right ventricle generates _________ mm Hg.
Definition
30
Term
The left ventricle develops how much pressure?
Definition
120mmHg
Term
The arterial side begins at the ____________ and ends at the ______________.
Definition
Aorta, Arterioles
Term
What are the three factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance?
Definition
Vascular resistance, Viscosity, Turbulance.
Term
What are the five general classes of blood vessels.
Definition
Arteries, areterioles, Capillaries, Venules, veins
Term
Where would you find fenestrted capillareis?
Definition
Endocrine Glands, Choroid Plexus of brain, kidneys
Term
What layer of tissue do veins lack?
Definition
Elastic membranes
Term
The arteriole lacks what parts of the tunica interna?
Definition
Smooth muscle layer and internal elastic membrane
Term
Capillaries exist as capillary __________.
Definition
Beds
Term
What holds a capillary together?
Definition
Basement membrane
Term
Do veins or arteries have more stretch in the Tunica Media?
Definition
Veins
Term
What is the blood pressure loss in the capillary beds?
Definition
About 18mm Hg
Term
Which vessels have the most effect on blood flow and pressure?
Definition
Arterioles
Term
What can cause turbulence in blood flow?
Definition
Cholesterol buildup, thrombus
Term
Perfusion is effected by?
Definition
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance and Blood pressure
Term
Short term regulation of blood pressure is by the?
Definition
Nervous system.
Term
Chemoreceptors are located?
Definition
Aortic Arch, Carotid Sinus
Term
Chemoreceptors monitor ________ concentration in the plasma (pH)
Definition
Hydrogen ion
Term
An increase in CO2 lead to more or less hydrogen ion concentration?
Definition
More
Term
Complete this formula: Carbon dioxide + water to carbonic acid to _____________ + bicarbonate.
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
Chemoreceptors are hooked up to the ?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata cardio regulatory and vasomotor centers.
Term
Long term blood pressure regulation is done by?
Definition
Endocrine system (hormones)
Term
When BP is low ADH is released to increase BP, this is made by the?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Angiotension II is made by a plasma protein called?
Definition
Angiotension I
Term
EPO increases ______ production?
Definition
RBC
Term
____________ is made by the adrenal gland in response to angiotension II to increase BP.
Definition
Aldosterone
Term
When BP is high, _______ is produced by cardiac muscle cells of the _____________ atrium.
Definition
ANP, right
Term
What triggers the production of ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)?
Definition
Too much venus return
Term
The three states of circulatory shock are?
Definition
Compensated, Progressive, Irreversible
Term
The second stage of shock occurs at ___% of blood loss?
Definition
35%
Term
Central Ischemic Response occurs at _____ Systolic BP?
Definition
50mm Hg
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