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A & P 2- Dr. Britton ASUB
Test 1 material
152
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/06/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
__________ are specialized extensions of the nervous system, and upon appropriate stimulation can generate impulses that re sent to the CNS. 
Definition
sensory receptors
Term
______ occurs when impulses are sent to the CNS. 
Definition
sensation
Term
______ is when impulses sent to the CNS are interpreted. 
Definition
perception 
Term
T or F? All sensation results in conscious perception. 
Definition
False; it does not result in conscious perception
Term
T or F? Only impulses routed to the cerebral cortex result in conscious perception. 
Definition
True
Term
Name the 2 classification of senses. 
Definition

1. Classified on the basis of localization

2. Classified on the basis of location within the body

Term
Which senses are classified on the basis of localization? (2)
Definition

1. General senses

2. Special senses

Term
__________ receptors are widespread in the body
Definition
general sense
Term
__________ receptors are localized in specific sites
Definition
special sense
Term
Name 3 examples of general senses
Definition

1. Touch

2. Temperature

3. Pain

Term
Name 5 examples of special senses
Definition

1. Smell

2. Hearing

3. Seeing

4. Taste

5. Equilibrium 

Term
What type of senses are classified on the basis of location within the body? 
Definition

1. somatic senses

2. visceral senses

Term
Name 3 examples of somatic senses
Definition

1. vision

2. hearing

3. external touch 

Term
Name 3 examples of visceral senses
Definition

1. Internal pain

2. Hunger

3. Nausea 

Term
What 2 criteria do we classify sensory receptors? 
Definition

1. On the basis of location and source (type) of stimulus they respond to.

2. On the basis of adaptation potential 

Term
What are 3 categories of sensory receptors based on location and source of stimulus that they respond to? 
Definition

1. Exterorecptors

2. Enterorecptors

3. Proproreceptors

Term
_______ are located near the body surface and respond to external stimuli
Definition
exteroreceptors 
Term
Name 4 examples of exteroreceptors
Definition

1. Sight

2. Hearing

3. External touch

4. Temperature

Term
_________ are located in visceral organs and respond to internal stimuli
Definition
Enterorecptors 
Term
Name 3 examples of enterorecptors
Definition

1. Internal pain

2. Hunger

3. Nausea

Term
_________ are located in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear. Responds to changes in position of body parts in 3-D space
Definition
proproreceptors
Term
__________ is a change in receptor firing rate with continual stimulation. 
Definition
sensory adaptation 
Term
What are 2 categories of receptors with respect to adaptation potential? 
Definition

1. Tonic receptors

2. Phasic receptors

Term
________ maintain a relatively constant firing rate regardless of the stimulus duration
Definition
tonic receptors
Term
What is an example of a tonic receptor? 
Definition
photo receptors of the retina
Term
_________ firing rates gradually decreases over time with continual stimulation. (fires less and less the longer the stimulus lasts)
Definition
phasic receptor 
Term
Name 2 examples of phasic receptors
Definition

1. touch receptors

2. temperature receptors

Term
________ states that each type of receptor has a specific stimulus that normally excites it. 
Definition
Law of specific nerve energies 
Term
T or F? When a sensory receptor is stimulated, by whatever means, this causes a local hypopolarization of the recepor membrane. 
Definition
true
Term
The degree of hypopolarization depends on the ________. 
Definition
intensity of the stimulus 
Term
Name the 2 types of summation receptor potentials. 
Definition

1. temporal summation

2. spatial summation

Term
_________ is when several stimuli are delivered at one receptor
Definition
temporal summataion
Term
_________ is when stimuli are delivered at several receptors relatively simultaneously
Definition
spatial summation 
Term
T or F? Receptor potentials can summate but the action potential is all  or none. 
Definition
true
Term
_______ are located in the dermal papillae in hairless areas of the skin. Consists of dendrites within a thin connective tissue sheath. Responds to very light touch. 
Definition
meissners corpuscles
Term
________ is deep in the dermis and also in skeletal muscles, joint capsules, and some visceral organs. Consists of dendrites within a multi layer connective tissue sheath. Responds to heavy pressure or vibration 
Definition
pacinian corpuscles
Term
______ are bare dendrites that are the most superficial touch receptors. 
Definition
Free nerve endings
Term
_________ have free nerve endings and also have separate receptors for cold and heat. 
Definition
temperature receptors (thermoreceptors)
Term
Heat receptors are most sensitive above _____ degrees centigrade. 
Definition
25
Term
Cold receptors are most sensitive below ___ degrees centigrade
Definition
20
Term
_________ are principally free nerve endings in which chemicals released by damaged tissues trigger pain stimuli. 
Definition
pain receptors
Term
T or F? Only some cutaneous receptors will respond to pain stimuli that are excessive. 
Definition
False; all cutaneous receptors
Term
_________= a lessening in perception of a sensation over time due to sensory adaptation by phasic receptors and stimulus filtering by the cerebral cortex. 
Definition
sensory accommodation 
Term
T or F? Most cutaneous receptors show accommodation but not pain receptors. 
Definition
True
Term
_________ = pain originating in a visceral organ but perceived to originate in an area of the skin. 
Definition
referred pain
Term
_______ provide information on body movements 
Definition
propreoreceptors 
Term
________ are located in the joint capsule of synovial joints and respond to movement of joints
Definition
joint kinesthetic receptors
Term
_______ consist of dendrites wound around a skeletal muscle fiber and respond to stretching of the fiber. 
Definition
neuromuscular spindle
Term
______ are located where a muscle and tendon join. Responds to tension in the tendon
Definition
neurotendonis receptor (A golgi tendon organ) 
Term
_________ are modified cilia projecting from dendrites of olfactory cells. 
Definition
olfactory receptors 
Term
_______ project between cells of the olfactory epithelium at the tops of the nasal cavities. 
Definition
olfactory hairs
Term
You have a few dozen different types of these but by firing these in different combinations you can distinguish thousands of different scents. 
Definition
olfactory receptors
Term
T or F? The olfactory hairs are constantly lost as the epithelial codes and must regrow; thus, the olfactory nerve is the only nerve in the body that grows continuously. 
Definition
true
Term
_________ are similar to olfactory receptors in that they are also modified cilia. 
Definition
taste receptors 
Term
What is the modified cilia of taste receptors called? 
Definition
gustatory hairs
Term
What are the 3 types of papillae of the tongue? 
Definition

1. Circumvallate

2. Filaform

3. Fungiform

Term
What are the 3 primary layers of the eye? 
Definition

1. fibrous tunic

2. vascular tunic

3. retina

Term
The ______ of the eye consists of sclera and the cornea 
Definition
fibrous tunic
Term
The ________ of the eye consists of a choroid, cilliary body which suspends the lens in the eye and the iris. 
Definition
vascular tunic
Term
The ______ nourishes the retina
Definition
choroid
Term
What regulates the size of the pupil? 
Definition
iris
Term
Name the 2 layers of the retina. 
Definition

1. Pigmented layer

2. Photoreceptors

Term
________= clouding of the lens
Definition
cataracts 
Term
_______ can be due to trauma, excessive UV exposure, medications, uncontrolled diabetes, and/or age. 
Definition
cataracts
Term
_______ results in a loss of visual acuity, decreased color perception, night blindness, halos around bright lights
Definition
cataracts
Term
Removing the lens and replacing it with a prosthetic lens implant is an option for a person diagnosed with _________
Definition
cataracts
Term
_______ results from either excessive reduction or inadequate drainage of aqueous humor
Definition
glaucoma
Term
Increased pressure within the eye causes _______, which results in gradual loss of vision, initially the peripheral field because of the photoreceptors are less dense there and progressing toward the central field. 
Definition
retinal atrophy
Term
________ is age related hardening of the lens. 
Definition
presbyopia
Term
How can you treat presbyopia? 
Definition
Get a pair of reading glasses
Term
Which visual problem usually becomes apparent at approximately 40 years and reduces the ability for close focus? 
Definition
presbyopia
Term
What are the 6 extrinsic eye muscles? 
Definition

1. superior rectus

2. medial rectus

3. inferior rectus

4. inferior oblique

5. superior oblique

6. lateral rectus

Term
Which 4 extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by the occulomotor nerve? 
Definition

1. superior rectus

2. medial rectus

3. inferior rectus 

4. inferior oblique

Term
Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve? 
Definition
superior oblique
Term
Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve? 
Definition
lateral rectus 
Term
What are the 2 basic types of photoreceptors in the retina? 
Definition

1. rods

2. cones

Term
Approximately how many rods are in each eye? 
Definition
100 million
Term
Rods or cones?... their acuity is poor. Don't form a very sharp image but they detect motion well and function better in dim light. 
Definition
rods
Term
How many cones are in each eye? 
Definition
7 million 
Term
Rods or cones?... form a color image and are most concentrated in the center of the retina. 
Definition
cones 
Term
A deficit in one or another of the cone types due to genetic mutation produces the various types of  _________. 
Definition
color blindness
Term
The mechanism for generation of visual impulses is best understood for ? rods or cones??
Definition
rods
Term
T or F? There is total decussation of the optic nerves at the optic chiasm behind the eyes. 
Definition
False; there is partial decussation
Term
Fibers from the _______ side of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain. 
Definition
Medial 
Term
The organ of hearing and equilibrium is the ________. 
Definition
inner ear 
Term
The ______ consists of the auricle (pinna). 
Definition
external ear
Term
The _________ separates the outer and middle ear. 
Definition
tympanic membrane 
Term
The skin lining the ear canal contains ________ which secrete cerum to lubricate the tympanic membrane and prevent drying and cracking and also repels insects. 
Definition
ceremonious glands
Term
The ______ is an air filled chamber that contains the auditory ossicles. 
Definition
middle ear
Term
The middle ear chamber connects with the nasopharynx via the _________. 
Definition
eustachian tube
Term
Which muscle attaches to the malleus?
Definition
tensor tympani 
Term
Which muscle attaches to the stapes? 
Definition
stapedius 
Term
Which 2 openings connect the middle and inner ear? 
Definition

1. finestra vestibuli

2. finestra cochlea 

Term
What is another name for the finestra vestibuli?... the finestra cochlea? 
Definition

finestra vestibuli= oval window

finestra cochlea= round window

Term
What is the finestra vestibuli covered by? 
Definition
foot plate of stapes
Term
What is the finestra cochlea covered by? 
Definition
a thin membrane
Term
The ______ or _________ is a maze of channels within the petrus part of the temporal bone. 
Definition
inner ear or labyrinth
Term
What is the fluid- filled space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth called? 
Definition
perilymph 
Term
What are the fluid-filled organs of the membranous labyrinth called? 
Definition
endolymph
Term
Name the 3 distinct areas of the inner ear/labyrinth. 
Definition

1. semicircular canals

2. vestibule

3. cochlea

Term
Which inner ear area has receptors for rotational acceleration of the head? 
Definition
semicircular canals
Term
The _______ is a membranous labyrinth that consists of the saccule and utricle. These have receptors for linear acceleration and elevation/depression of the head. 
Definition
vestibule
Term
Where are the oval and round windows located? 
Definition
the vestibule
Term
The _______ is a membranous labyrinth that contains the cochlear duct. Has receptors for hearing (on the organ of corti)
Definition
cochlea
Term
_______ are compression waves produced by vibrating or moving objects
Definition
sound waves
Term
_______ propagate in a medium (solid, liquid, gas). 
Definition
Sound waves
Term
T or F? The denser the medium the further sound waves will travel
Definition
true
Term
What 2 properties characterize sound waves? 
Definition

1. wavelength

2. amplitude

Term
Do humans hear a relatively wide or narrow frequency of sounds? 
Definition
wide
Term
What is the range of sounds that humans can hear? 
Definition
20-20,000 Hz
Term
What is the human threshold of hearing, by definition? 
Definition
0 dB
Term
_______ strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate
Definition
tympaninc membrane 
Term
The vibration of the _____ in the oval window causes vibrations in the fluid within the inner ear. 
Definition
stapes
Term
Name the 3 ducts of the cochlea. 
Definition

1. scala vestibuli

2. scala tympani

3. cochlear duct

Term
Which duct of the cochlea has the oval window at its base and is filled with perilymph? 
Definition
scala vestibuli
Term
Which duct of the cochlea has the round window at its base and is also filled with perilymph?
Definition
scala tympani 
Term
Which 2 ducts of the cochlea connect at the tip of the cochlea through the helicotrema? 
Definition

1. scala tympani

2. scala vestibuli 

Term
Which duct of the cochlea is the membranous labyrinth that is filled with endolymph and also contains the organ of corti with hearing receptors? 
Definition
cochlear duct 
Term
T or F? Different regions of the cochlea respond to the same frequencies. 
Definition
False; different regions of the cochlea respond to different frequencies
Term
What 2 sites contain the receptors for equilibrium? 
Definition

1. sacrale and utricle

2. ampullae of the semi-circular ducts 

Term
The ______ receptor for equilibrium has receptors for linear acceleration and elevators/depressors of the head
Definition
sacrale and utricle 
Term
The ______ receptor for equilibrium has receptors for rotational acceleration of the head 
Definition
ampullae of the semi- circular ducts 
Term
Sensory "hairs" are modified _____. 
Definition
cilia 
Term
Regulatory mechanisms of the body are either _______ or ________. 
Definition
nervous or chemical 
Term
_______ is the function of the endocrine system. 
Definition
chemical regulation
Term
The regulators provided by the endocrine system are ________. 
Definition
hormones 
Term
Name the 5 chemical classes of hormones. 
Definition

1. steroids

2. amino acid derivatives

3. Polypeptides

4. Glycoproteins

5. Prostoglandins 

Term
_______ are derivates of cholesterol; are non polar; hydrophobic Can't be carried free in blood so they need carrier proteins for transport 
Definition
steroids 
Term
_______ are short protiens that you can't take PO. examples are insulin, HGH, ADH
Definition
polypeptides 
Term
_________ are proteins + carbohydrates. Ex. TSH, FSH, CH. cannot take PO
Definition
glycoproteins
Term
_________ are fatty acid derivatives with hormone- like effects; especially on smooth muscle. Ex. thromboxane 
Definition
prostoglandins 
Term
If a hormone precursor is converted to active form before secretion within the gland and the active form is secreted then the precursor is a __________. 
Definition
prohormone 
Term
The active form of a hormone is often derived from a loss of a __________. 
Definition
active precursor 
Term
If a hormone precursor is secreted and converted to active form after secretion, the precursor is a _________. 
Definition
prehormone
Term
Name an example of a prehormone
Definition
thyroxicin 
Term
Where are prehormones normally found? 
Definition
In the blood
Term
Are PROhormones normally found in the blood? 
Definition
no
Term
______ typically have a specific, rather short, half life in the circulation. 
Definition
hormones
Term
What is the key property of hormone action? 
Definition
concentration dependance
Term
Name an example of a hormone that is concentration dependent
Definition
estrogen
Term
What 3 kinds of effects can hormone interactions have? 
Definition

1. Permissive effects

2. Syneristic effects

3. Antagonistic effects 

Term
This effect of hormone interaction is when the action of one hormone promotes the action of another. 
Definition
permissive effect
Term
This effect of hormone interaction involves the action of 2 or more hormones is necessary to produce a particular response
Definition
syneristic effect
Term
What is an example of a syneristic effect of hormone interactions?
Definition
Both FSH and testosterone is necessary for normal sperm production in males
Term
What effect of hormone interactions involves the action of one hormone counteracts the action of another? 
Definition
antagonistic effects
Term
What is an example of an antagonistic effect of hormone interactions? 
Definition
Insulin
Term
Name the 3 sites for all hormone receptors. 
Definition

1. On the cell membrane

2. In the cytoplasm

3. In the nucleus 

Term
T or F? The mode of action of a hormone differs depending on receptor location. 
Definition
true
Term
_________&________ hormones are similar in that both are non polar, hydrophobic, require carrier proteins for transportation in blood. 
Definition
steroid & thyroid 
Term
_________ bind to a cytoplasmic receptor protein within the cell, and the receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus and binds to acceptor sites on the chromosome which activates specific genes and alters the cells metabolism. 
Definition
steroid hormones
Term
Hormones with membrane receptors include _________, _________, &_________. 
Definition
catecholamines, polypeptides, & glycoproteins 
Term
Typically, _______ do not enter the target cell at all. 
Definition
hormones with membrane receptors
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