Term
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Definition
Ventral rami C1-C5
Skin and muscles of the neck and shoulder
Contains the phrenic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral rami C4-T1
Skin and muscles of the upper limb
Contains axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median, ulnar nerves |
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Term
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Definition
T1-T12
No plexuses
Ventral rami form intercostal nerves - supply the muscles of intercostal spaces and skin and muscles of the anterior/lateral trunk |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral rami L1-L4
Skin and muscles of the lower abdominopelvic region and anterior thigh
Contains genitofemoral, femoral, and obturator nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral rami L4-S4
Skin and muscles of the buttock, posterior thigh, leg and foot
Contains the sciatic and pudendal nerves |
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Term
| Dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
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Definition
Smaller than ventral
Serve the skin and muscles of the posterior body trunk at their approximate emergence level |
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Term
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Definition
Formed from ventral rami of all regions except thoracic nerves
Serve the motor and sensory needs of the muscles and skin of the limbs
Ventral rami fibers unite, then diverge to form peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
C3, C4, C5
Peripheral nerve of the cervical plexus
Motor to the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the brachial plexus
Deltoid and teres minor muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the brachial plexus
Biceps brachii and brachialis muscles |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the brachial plexus
Triceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles
Skin of the posterolateral upper limb |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the brachial plexus
Forearm flexor muscle group
Skin of the lateral 2/3 of the hand |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the brachial plexus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Skin of the medial 1/3 of hand |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus
Skin of external genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus
Quadriceps and sartorius muscles
Skin of anterior and medial thigh |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus
Medial thigh muscles such as gracilis
Skin of medial thigh for hip and knee joints |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus
Largest nerve of the body
Composed of the common fibular and tibial nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus
Tibialis anterior and short head of biceps femoris muscles
Skin of anterior leg and dorsum of foot |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus
Hamstrings, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
Skin of posterior leg and sole of foot |
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Term
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Definition
Peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus
Skin and muscles of the perineum |
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Term
| The Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
The subdivision of the PNS that regulates body activities that are generally not under conscious control
Involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
Division of the ANS
Also called craniosacral
Preganglionic neurons located in brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X) and sacral region (S2-S4) of the spinal cord
Synapse with the ganglionic neuron in a terminal ganglion (within the walls of the organ) |
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Term
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Definition
Parasympathetic
Preganglionic axons in the sacral region that travel to the pelvic cavity and synapse with the ganglionic neurons in the organs served |
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Term
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Definition
Division of the ANS
Also called thoracolumbar
Preganglionic neurons are in the lateral horns of the gray matter of the thoracic spinal cord (T1-L2)
Sympathetic chain ganglia |
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Term
| Sympathetic chain ganglia |
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Definition
2 trunks alongside the vertebral column
Axons may synapse at the same level with a neuron traveling to an effector, or synapse at a higher or lower level, or synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column |
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Term
| Splanchnic nerves (thoracic, abdominopelvic) |
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Definition
Sympathetic
Axon from sympathetic chain ganglia, passes through the ganglion without synapsing and joins the splanchnic nerves, travel to the viscera to synapse with a collateral ganglion |
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Term
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Definition
31 pairs
All mixed nerves
Most exit via intervertebral foramina, except C1
Divide into dorsal and ventral rami
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integration center of CNS (spinal cord usually)
4. motor neuron
5. effector |
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Term
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Definition
Reflexes that involve stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system
Spinal reflexes and cranial nerve reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
Mediated through the autonomic nervous system without conscious awareness
Pupillary reflexes, ciliospinal reflex, salivary reflex |
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Term
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Definition
Require only spinal cord activity
Fast reflexes
Stretch reflexes, crossed-extensor reflex, superficial cord reflex |
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Term
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Definition
Mediated by cranial nerves
Corneal reflex, gag reflex |
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Term
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Definition
Important in maintaining posture, balance, and locomotion
Initiated by tapping a tendon, which stretches the muscle the tendon is attached to, stimulating muscle spindles and causing reflex contraction of the stretched muscle
-Reciprocal inhibition of antagonist muscles
Patellar and Achilles reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic, spinal, stretch
Reflex hammer used
Response: leg swings forward as quadriceps muscle contracts
FEMORAL NERVE |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic, spinal, stretch
Reflex hammer used
Response: contraction of gastrocnemius and soleus (plantar flexion)
SCIATIC NERVE |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic, spinal, stretch
Flexor, withdrawal reflex followed by extension of the opposite limb
Pin, sharp pen or pencil used
Response: withdraws hand, flexion of the elbow - other forearm extends
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS AND RADIAL NERVES |
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Term
| Superficial cord reflexes |
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Definition
Result from pain and temperature changes
Initiated by stimulation of receptors in the skin and mucosae
Depend both on functional upper-motor pathways and on the cord-level reflex arc
Plantar reflex |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic, superficial cord
Reflex hammer used
Response: Downward flexion and adduction of the toes
TIBIAL AND COMMON PERONEAL NERVES |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic, cranial
Wisp of cotton used
Response: subject blinks
TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic, cranial
Tongue depressor used
Response: pharyngeal muscles contract and subject gags
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) AND VAGUS (X) NERVES |
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Term
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Definition
Autonomic
Light shined into left eye
Response: left pupil contracts
OPTIC (II) NERVE (afferent), OCULOMOTOR (III) NERVE (efferent)
Ipsilateral response |
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Term
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Definition
Autonomic
Light shined into left eye
Response: right pupil also contracts
OPTIC (II) NERVE (afferent), OCULOMOTOR (III) NERVE (efferent)
Contralateral response |
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Term
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Definition
Autonomic
Stroke hairs on back of neck and left side
Response: left pupillary dilation
SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE |
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Term
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Definition
Autonomic
Activation of salivary glands with exposure to lemon juice
Response: increased production of saliva
PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reflexes resulting from practice or repetition
Involve a far larger number of neural pathways and many types of higher intellectual activities
Longer response time |
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Term
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Definition
Receptors react to touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, stretch, vibration, and changes in position
Located throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
Sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste
Receptors are large, complex sense organs or small, localized groups of receptors |
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Term
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Definition
React to stimuli in the external environment
Typically found close to the body surface
Include simple cutaneous receptors in the skin and the highly specialized receptor structures of the special senses |
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Term
| Interoceptors (visceroceptors) |
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Definition
Respond to stimuli arising within the body
Include stretch receptors, chemoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings
Provide info on the position and degree of stretch of those structures |
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Term
| General sensory receptors |
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Definition
| Cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors |
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Term
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Definition
Also called tactile corpuscles
Respond to light touch
Located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin |
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Term
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Definition
Also called lamellated corpuscles
Lie deepest in the dermis
Respond to deep pressure at its first application, and monitor high-frequency vibrations |
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Term
| Two point discrimination test |
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Definition
Tested for the density of the touch receptors in different areas of the body
Areas that have the greatest density of tactile receptors have a heightened ability to "feel" - areas of fine motor control
The smallest distance at which two points of contact can be felt |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to determine which portion of the skin has been touched |
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Term
| Adaptation of sensory receptors |
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Definition
Adaptation - when a stimulus is applied for a prolonged period, the rate of receptor discharge slows and conscious awareness of the stimulus declines or is lost until change occurs
Tested for with coins, seeing how long it took before subject could no longer feel the coin on skin |
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Term
| Adaptation of temperature receptors |
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Definition
Tested for with hot and cold water baths, after a minute to adapt to the hot and cold both hands were placed in room temperature
Negative afterimages |
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Term
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Definition
The sensations that the subject experiences when the adaptation is removed and sensation is normalized
Ex hot water/cold water --> room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensory experience in which pain is perceived as arising in one area of the body when in fact another remote area is receiving the painful stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the brain refers sensations to their usual point of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
Moves eye laterally
VI (ABDUCENS) |
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Term
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Definition
Medial movement
III (OCULOMOTOR) |
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Term
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Definition
Elevates eye and turns it medially
III (OCULOMOTOR) |
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Term
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Definition
Depresses eye and turns it medially
III (OCULOMOTOR) |
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Term
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Definition
Depresses eye and turns it laterally
IV (TROCHLEAR) |
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Term
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Definition
Elevates eye and turns it laterally
III (OCULOMOTOR) |
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Term
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Definition
X and dot
When the dot focuses on the blind spot, which lacks photoreceptors, it will disappear |
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Term
| Near point of accommodation |
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Definition
Tests the elasticity of the lens
Hold a straight pin at arm's length, slowly move it toward that eye until it becomes distorted |
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Term
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Definition
Snellen eye chart at 20 feet
20/20 vision, etc |
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Term
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Definition
Tested with wheel chart
Irregularities in the curvatures of the lens and/or the cornea lead to a blurred vision problem |
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Term
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Definition
Tested for with Ishihara's color plates
Deficiencies in the cones or color photoreceptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
Two-eyed
Both eyes see with slightly different views
There is two-eyed vision in the overlap area
Test for binocular vision with pencils - closing each eye in turn and noticing displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| Instrument used to examine the eyeball interior to determine visually the condition of the retina, optic disc, and internal blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
The normal eye
Able to accommodate properly |
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Term
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Definition
Individuals in whom the image normally focuses in front of the retina
Near-sightedness: they can see close objects without difficulty, but distant objects are blurred or indistinct
Correction requires a concave lens |
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Term
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Definition
Individuals in which the image focuses behind the retina
Farsightedness
No problem with distant vision but do have trouble seeing close up
Need convex lenses |
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Term
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Definition
Decreasing elasticity of the lens, resulting in difficulty in focusing for near vision
"Old vision" |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the eye to focus differentially for objects of near vision |
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