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A&P 2
Exam 2
154
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/09/2009

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Term
what is the fluid of the lymphatic system called?
Definition
lymph
Term
list the various types of lymph vessels.
Definition
lymphatic capillaries, ducts, trunks, lymph vessels, lacteals
Term
what are the primary lymphatic organs?
Definition
red bone marrow & thymus
Term
what are the secondary lymthatic organs?
Definition
lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic nodules
Term
what are several functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
drains excess fluid, transports dietary lipids, carries out immune responses, phagocytosis
Term
whats the main difference between lymph, plasma, and ISF?
Definition
location
Term
where is lymph located?
Definition
inside lymphatic vessels & tissue
Term
where is ISF located?
Definition
between cells
Term
where is plasma located?
Definition
in the blood
Term
how is lymph formed?
Definition
blood plasma fluid filters out of blood capillaries and drains into lymphatic vessels, becomming lymph.
Term
How is the structure of lymph capillaries similar to blood capillaries? How is it different?
Definition
Similar = they converde to form larger lymphatic vessels that resemble veins in structure
different = lymph capillaries are slightly larger in diameter, have thinner walls, larger valves, & have a unique one-way structure that permits ISF to flow into them but not out.
Term
The thoracic duct joins the venous system as it empties into the ______ veins, and drains what general body ares?
Definition
left internal jugular & left subclavian veins.
>left side of head, neck, and chest, the left upper limb & the entire body inferior to the ribs.
Term
the right lymphatic duct joins the venous system as it empties into the ______ veins, and drains what general body areas?
Definition
right internal jugular & right subclavian
>upper right side of body
Term
how many liters of fluid does the lymphatic system return to the circulatory system each day?
Definition
3 liters
Term
How does blockage of lymph cause lymphedemia?
Definition
lymph accumulated in the lymphatic vessels and causes painless swelling of a limb
Term
what are 2 factors that assist the flow of lymph?
Definition
skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
Term
where is the thymus gland located?
Definition
in the mediastinum between the sternum & the aorta
Term
what is the function of the thymus gland?
Definition
area in which T-cells develop immunocompetence
Term
at what stage of life is the thymus gland the largest?
Definition
childhood (infant-puberty)
Term
where is the spleen located?
Definition
in the left hypochondriac region between the stomach & diagphragm
Term
list several functions of the spleen.
Definition
1. removal by macrophages of ruptured, worn out, or defective blood cells & platelets
2. storage of platelets (up to 1/3 of the body's supply)
3. production of blood cells during fetal life
Term
what are two functions of lymph nodes?
Definition
1. filter
2. plasma cell & memory B cell formation for response to specific antigen
Term
what fluid do lymph nodes filter?
Definition
lymph
Term
what fluid does the spleen filter?
Definition
blood
Term
what are lymphatic nodules and where are they found?
Definition
egg shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule, >They are scattered throughout the lamina propria (connective tissue) of mucus membranes lining the GI, urinary, & reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways.
Term
which tonsil is located in the nasopharynx, called "adeniods"
Definition
pharyngeal tonsil
Term
which tonsils are paired, located near the base of the tongue?
Definition
lingual tonsils
Term
which tonsils are paired, located in the posterior oral cavity; the common term for "tonsils"
Definition
palatine tonsils
Term
what is the functional significance of the location of the tonsils?
Definition
they are strategically positioned to participate in immune responses against inhaled or ingested foreign substances
Term
what is the function of tonsils?
Definition
defense mechanism for immune response
Term
what is the function of the macrophage presence in lymphatic tissue?
Definition
>thymic macrophages - help clear out the debris of dead & dying cells
>spleen macrophages - destroy blood borne pathogens by phagocytosis
>lymph nodes macrophages - destroys B cells that dont develop properly
Term
what is the first line of defense?
Definition
skin & mucous membranes of the body
Term
what are some physical & chemical barriers to the entry of microorganisms?
Definition
epidermidis, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia, sebum, gastric juice, saliva, perspiration
Term
what is the second line of defense?
Definition
After pathogens penetrate the 1st line they encounter internal antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.
Term
interferon
Definition
stops or interferes w/the replication process. they are a protein produced by lymphocytes, macrophages & fibroblasts when infected w/viruses
Term
complement
Definition
group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma & on plasma membranes that "complement" or enhance certain immune reactions. causes cytolysis (bursting) or microbes, promotes phagocytosis & contributes to inflammation.
Term
what are the two most important phagocytes?
Definition
monocytes and neutrophils
Term
how is phagocytosis important as a defence mechanism?
Definition
they migrate to infected areas & stand guard in specific tissue and are important in adapted immunity.
Term
what are "fixed macrophages"
Definition
they stand guard in specific tissue
Term
what are several types of fixed macrophages and what organ/tissue are they found?
Definition
>histocytes - connective tissue
>stellate reticuloendothelial cells - liver
>alveolar macrophages - lungs
>microglia - nervous system
>tissue macrophages - spleen, lymph nodes, & red bone marrow
Term
what is the relationship between monocrytes and macrophages?
Definition
monocytes enlarge & develop into actively phagocytic fixed or wandering macrophages during migration to infected area
Term
what are natural killer (NK) cells? how do they kill invaders?
Definition
>They have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells & certain tumor cells.
>They attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins.
Term
what are the benefits of fever?
Definition
in intensifies the effects of interfeons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, & speeds up body reactions that aid repair.
Term
what is the general funtion of the inflammatory response?
Definition
an attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury, to prevent their spread to other tissues & to prepare the site for tissue repair in an attempt to restore tissue homeostasis.
Term
what two types of WBC's are the significant phagocytes in the inflammatory response?
Definition
monocytes & neutrophils
Term
which phagocyte arrives on the scene first, but does not live very long?
Definition
neutrophils
Term
which phagocyte arrives later, but is effective for a longer period?
Definition
monocytes
Term
what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Definition
redness, pain, heat, swelling
Term
specificity
Definition
for particular foreign molecules (antigens) which also involves distinguishing self from non self
Term
memory
Definition
for most previously encountered antigens so that a 2nd encounter prompts an even more rapid & vigorous response
Term
self tolerance
Definition
ability to determine the differnece between self & non-self
Term
what is an antigen?
Definition
substances that are recognized as foreign & provoke immune responses
Term
what some examples of antigens?
Definition
toxins, virus, bacteria, tumor, pollen, egg white
Term
what chemical group do antigens belong?
Definition
proteins
Term
are your normal body cells antigenic to yourself? cant they be under certain situations?
Definition
no - but autoimmune diseases can cause them to be antigenic
Term
what are MHC antigens?
Definition
Major Histocompatibility Complex antigens
Term
why are MHC antigens called "self-antigens"?
Definition
because they are unique to the individual
Term
why are MHC antigens important in the immune response?
Definition
they help T-cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self.
Term
what is the major cell type of the adaptive immune response?
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
name the organs where lymphocyte cells develop
Definition
red bone marrow & thymus
Term
name the organs where lymphocytes accumulate and function
Definition
lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules, spleen, and blood
Term
a particular lymphocyte is capable of recognizing (one/several/many) different types of antigen
Definition
one
Term
a lymphocyte gains the capacity to recognize a particular antigen (before/during/after) contact with it
Definition
before
Term
what is immunocompetence?
Definition
the ability to carry out adaptive immune responses
Term
what type of antigen is recognized in antibody-mediated immunty?
Definition
extracellular
Term
what type of antigen is recognized in cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
intracellular
Term
what type of lymphocyte is involves in antibody-mediated immunity?
Definition
B-cells
Term
what type of lymphocyte is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
T-cells (Tc & Th)
Term
what is the method of antigen destruction in antibody-mediated immunity?
Definition
antibodies (produced by the plasma cells) bind antigen
Term
what is the method of antigen destruction in cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
T-cells bind antigen (direct contact)
Term
what does the term "cell-mediated immunity" mean?
Definition
cytotoxic t-cells directly attack invading antigens
Term
responsible for the cell-mediated immune response (b or t)
Definition
t cells
Term
originate from stem cells in red bone marrow (b or t)
Definition
B-cells & T-cells
Term
mature in the thymus (b or t)
Definition
T-cells
Term
mature in the red bone marrow (b or t)
Definition
B-cells
Term
responsible for the humoral immune response (b or t)
Definition
B-cells
Term
secrete antibodies (b or t)
Definition
B-cells
Term
attack invaders directly (b or t)
Definition
T-cells
Term
when activated, become plasma cells (b or t)
Definition
B-cells
Term
two types are helper and cytotoxic cells (b or t)
Definition
T-cells
Term
attack antigen found outside body cells (b or t)
Definition
B-cells
Term
attack antigen found within body cells (b or t)
Definition
T-cells
Term
produce memory cells (b or t)
Definition
B-cells & T-cells
Term
recognition
Definition
antigen "fits" with a specific receptor on T or B cell (lock & key)
Term
activation
Definition
form multiple copies by mitosis of original T or B cells
Term
attack
Definition
eliminate the antigen (the same antigen that was originally recognized)
Term
what 3 types of cells function as "antigen-presenting cells"
Definition
langherans cells of skin, B cells, Dendritic cells
Term
during activation, a group of genetically identical cells is called a _______.
Definition
clone
Term
what is the function of helper T-cells?
Definition
to help the rest of the immune response by releasing cytokines, which stimulate the cloning.
Term
what are "cytokines" and what cells produce them?
Definition
they are small protein hormones that stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions, such as cell growth and differentiation. They are produced by helpter T-cells
Term
what are memory cells? when are how are they produced? what is their function?
Definition
they respond to an antigen by profilerating and differentiating into more effector cells & more memory cells. Allows the body to initiate a much quicker reaction than previous invasion. A second response is usually so fast & vigorous that the antigen is destroyed before any signs or symptoms can occur.
Term
secretes antibodies
Definition
plasma cells
Term
formed from activation of B-cells
Definition
plasma cells
Term
stimulates multiplication of both B cells and killer T-cells
Definition
helper T-cells
Term
destroys antigen bearing cells by disrupting plasma membrane
Definition
cytotoxic T-cells
Term
engulf & display antigens on their surgace MHC's
Definition
Antigen presenting cells, B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages
Term
mediator of secondary immune response
Definition
memory cells
Term
involved in humoral immunity
Definition
plasma cells, B-cells
Term
involved in cell-mediated immunity
Definition
cytotoxic T-cells
Term
also known as CD4 cells
Definition
helpter T-cells
Term
also known as CD8 cells
Definition
cytotoxic T-cells
Term
also known as killer T-cells
Definition
cytotoxic T-cells
Term
cytotoxic T-cells are also called _______ T-cells or _______ T-cells.
Definition
CD8, killer
Term
how do cytotoxic t-cells "recognize" the cells to be attacked and not normal cells?
Definition
they secrete a group of chemicals (cytotoxins) on the antigen bearing cell, killing it.
Term
how do cytotoxic T-cells destroy the cells they recognize as not normal?
Definition
>release of granzymes that cause apoptosis, released microbed are destroyed by phagocyte
>release of perforins that cause cytolysis, microbes are destroyed by granulysin
Term
what type of cell produces antibodies?
Definition
plasma cells
Term
what is the general structure of an antibody?
Definition
lock & key. T shape or Y shape
Term
antibodies belong to a specific group of plasma proteins called ______ or _______.
Definition
globulins, immunoglobulins
Term
what are the 5 classes of antibodies?
Definition
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
Term
IgG
Definition
most abundant antibody. Anti-Rh. protects against bacteria & viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system
Term
IgA
Definition
found mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, a GI secretions. "secretory anibodies". provides localized protection of mucus membranes against bacteria & viruses.
Term
IgM
Definition
antibodies in the blood. 1st antibody to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen. activates complement & causes agglutination & lysis of microbes. serve as antigen receptors on the surfaces of B-cells
Term
IgD
Definition
mainly found on the suraces of B-cells an antigen receptors. involved in activation of B-cells
Term
IgE
Definition
involved in allergic & hypersensitivity reactions, provides protection against parasite worms.
Term
what is an "antigen-antibody complex" and what is their significance in the immune response?
Definition
connection of the antibody to the matching antigen. the connection is what marks it for destruction
Term
what are several ways antigen-antibody complexes can destroy antigens?
Definition
1. neutralizing antigen
2. immobilizing bacteria
3. agglutinating & precipitating antigen
4. activiating complement
5. enhancing phagocytosis
Term
what are several functions of activated complement proteins?
Definition
1. destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis & inflammation
2. prevent excessive damage to body tissues
Term
the first response to a specific antigen result in the _______ immune response. subsequent exposure to the same antigen results in the _______ immune response.
Definition
primary, secondary
Term
"immunity" is provided by ______ cells and involves the activities of the (primary/secondary) immune response.
Definition
memory, secondary
Term
compare the primary & secondary immune responses with regard to the speed & efficiency of response and the presence/absence of signs of illness.
Definition
Secondary is quicker and more efficient. Usually sign of illness are much less if not absent in secondary responses.
Term
what is the fundamental difference between "active" and "passive" immunity?
Definition
Active - developing antibodies in response to an antigen
Passive - trasnfer of antibodies from an outside source
Term
Naturally Active Immunity
Definition
getting sick & recovering (the work of your own immune system)
Term
Natural Passive Immunity
Definition
Placental and breast milk transfer of antibodies
Term
Artificial Actice Immunity
Definition
vaccinations (immunizations) "antigen"
[toxoid, live virus, killed virus]
Term
Artifical Passive Immunity
Definition
Antibody injection
[antitoxin, antiserum, immune serum, gamma globulins (rabies)]
Term
Natural & Artificial Active Immunity
Definition
memory cells
Term
Natural & Artificial Passive Immunity
Definition
short lived, immediate
Term
contracting & recovering from a case of measles
Definition
natural active immunity
Term
receiving a flu shot (killed virus vaccine)
Definition
artificial active immunity
Term
receiving an injection of gamma globulin
Definition
artificial passive immunity
Term
newborn immunity gained from placental transfer of maternal antibodies or in mother's milk
Definition
natural passive immunity
Term
may be life-long
Definition
natural active immunity, artificial active immunity
Term
temporary immunity (lasts a few weeks or months)
Definition
artificial passive immunity, natural passive immunity
Term
gained through action of memory cells
Definition
artificial passive immunity, artificial active immunity
Term
receiving an injection of tetanus antitoxin
Definition
artificial passive immunity
Term
receiving a routine tetanus immunization
Definition
artificial active immunity
Term
immunodeficiency disease
Definition
a person experiences an assortment of infections due to the progressive destruction of immune cells by the HIV
Term
allergy
Definition
a person is overly reactive to a sbustance that is tolerated by most other people.
Term
auto-immune disease
Definition
the immune system fails to display self-tolerance & attacks the persons own tissues.
Term
the most devastating actions of the HIV are due to interferance with ________lymphocytes.
Definition
helpter T-cell
Term
what problems result from the interferance of HIV w/helper T-cells?
Definition
body cant continue replacing the helper T-cells, immunodeficiency symptoms start, once helper T-cell count drops below 200 cells/microliter of blood, AIDS is diagnosed.
Term
in allergies, the antigens are called ________
Definition
allergens
Term
many of the undesirable side effects of allergies are due to excessive secretion of the chemical __________.
Definition
histamine
Term
the main antibody involved on allergies is ______
Definition
IgE
Term
what is anaphylactic shock?
Definition
an allergic reaction to a drug or bee sting that causes wheezing & shortness of breath as airways constrict. usually accompanied by shock due to vasodilation & fluid loss from blood
Term
list some examples of autoimmune diseases
Definition
type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, graves disease, rheumatic arthritis, addison's disease
Term
what is the major type of blood cell involved in defense against infection?
Definition
white blood cells
Term
B-cells
Definition
develop into plasma cells then secrete antibodies
Term
T-cells
Definition
attack invading viruses, cancer cells, & transplanted tissue cells
Term
NK cells
Definition
have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected body cells & certain tumor cells. They attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins.
Term
monocytes
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
neutrophils
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
eosinophils
Definition
combat the effect of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms
Term
basophils
Definition
liberate heparin, histamine & serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the overal inflammatory response.
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