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A&P 1-6
Anatomy and Physiology chapters 1-6
298
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/24/2012

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Term
Charactistics of living cells: Movement (2 types)
Definition
Locomotion
Cellular
Term
Catabolism
Definition
Breaking down complex molecules that occur in the body
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Uses the energy from catabolism to build the body's structural and function components
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
Term
Surface Anatomy
Definition
Study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body
Term
Anatomy
Definition
To Cut / study of structure and the relationships among structures.
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
Can be studied with the naked eye
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
Cannot be studied with the naked eye
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
Specific region of the body such as the head or the chest
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
Groups of organs (systems)such as the nervous system
Term
Imaging Anatomy
Definition
Xray, CAT, PET, MRI
Term
Develomental Anatomy
Definition
Study of the development from the fertilized egg to adult form.
Term
Embryology
Definition
Study of the development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero
Term
Histology
Definition
Microscopic study of the structure of tissues.
Term
Cytology
Definition
Chemical and microscopic study of the structure of cells
Term
Pathological Anatomy
Definition
Study of the structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease
Term
Physiology
Definition
Study of FUNCTIONS of the body parts and how it works
Term
Cell Physiology
Definition
Study of the functions of cells
Term
Pathophysiology
Definition
Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
Term
Exercise Physiology
Definition
Study of the changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
Study of functional characteristics of nerve cells
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
Study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood)and how they control body functions.
Term
Cardiovascular Physiology
Definition
Study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels
Term
Immunology
Definition
Study of body defenses and mechanisms
Term
Respiratory Physiology
Definition
Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs
Term
Renal Physiology
Definition
Study of the function of kidneys
Term
Organizational Chart (from most important to least important)
Definition
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cellular
Chemical
Term
Integumentary System (name components and functions)
Definition
Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands.
Functions: Regulate body temperature, protection, elimination of some wastes, helps produce vitamin D, monitors stimuli (temperature and pressure changes)
Term
Skeletal System (name components and functions)
Definition
Bones, cartilage, joints
Supports, protection, movement, stores minerals, holds cells that create RBC's.
Term
Muscular System (components and function)
Definition
Specifically skeletal muscle tissue, smooth and cardiac/
Movement, stabilization (posture), generates heat
Term
Nervous System (components / functions)
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Regulates body activities through action potentials (nerve impulses) by detecting changes in the internal / external environments, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by inducing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Term
Endocrine System (component / function)
Definition
All hormone-producing blands and cells (ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas)
Regulates body activities through hormones, chemicals transported in the blood
Term
Cardiovascular System (component / function)
Definition
Blood, heart, veins, arteries, capillaries
Distribute oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste from cells, helps maintain the acid/base balance of the body, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming clots, helps regulate body temperature
Term
Lymphatic & Immune (component / function)
Definition
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures or organs containing lymphatic tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, consils)
Returns plasma and proteins to the cardiovascular system, transports fats from GI system to the cardiovascular system, protects against disease by producing antibodies.
Term
Respiratory System (component / function)
Definition
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, nose, pharynx

Supply oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, helps regulate the acid / base balance of the body, helps produce vocal sounds
Term
Digestive System (component / function)
Definition
Stomach, intesting, liver, tongue, mouth, esophagus, salivary gland

Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
Term
Urinary System (component / function)
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood, eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, helps maintain the acid base and calcium balance of the body, secretes a hormone that regulates RBC production
Term
Reproductive System (component / function)
Definition
Organs (testes, ovaries) that produce reproductive cells or gametes (sperm or ova), uterine tubes, uterus, epididymis, vas deferns, penis

Produces gametes, which can unite to form a new organism, and hormones that help to regulate metabolism
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
A condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. An important aspect of homeostasis is regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions found inside cells and surrounding them
Term
Body Fluids (3 types)
Definition
Intracellular (within the cell)
Extracellular (outside the cell)
Interstitial (Between cells of tissues)
Term
Homeostasis "Dynamic Equilibrium"
Definition
All systems work together to maintain the dynamic equilibrium within the body
Term
Normal Range (another word for)
Definition
Set Point
Term
Plasma
Definition
The EFC (Extra Cellular Fluid) in the blood vessels
Term
Stress
Definition
A challenge to homeostasis. Any stimulus that tends to create an imbalance in the internal environment.
Term
Feedback Systems:
Definition
(loops) - A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region
Term
Control Center
Definition
Determs the value at which some aspect of the body, called a "controlled condition" should be maintained
Term
Receptor
Definition
Monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information called the "input" to the control center
Term
Effector
Definition
Receives the information, called the "output" from the control center and produces a response "effect".
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
The response enhances or INTENSIFIES the original stimulus ***AWAY FROM*** such as childbirth
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
The response reverses the original stimulus
Term
Abdominalpelvis Regions (name the 9 regions)
Definition
R-Hypo Epigastric L- Hypocho
R-Lumbar Umbilical L-Lumbar
R. Iliac Hypogastric L-Iliac
Term
Right Hypochondriac (list organs within)
Definition
Liver, Gallbladder
Term
Epigastric Region(list organs within)
Definition
Stomach
Term
Left Hyponchondriac Region (list organs within)
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
Right Lumbar Region (list organs within)
Definition
Ascending colon of large intestine
Term
Umbilical Region (list organs within)
Definition
Small intestine and portion of transverse colon
Term
Left Lumbar Region (list organs within)
Definition
Descending colon of large intestine
Term
Right Iliac Region (list organs within)
Definition
Cecum and appendix
Term
Hypogastric Region (list organs within)
Definition
Urinary Bladder
Term
Left Iliac Region (list organs within)
Definition
Sigmoid Colon
Term
Quadrants (list all four)
Definition
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
Term
Midsaggital Plane
Definition
Plan passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal sides
Term
Parasaggital Plane
Definition
Plane does not pass through the midline dividing the body or organ into unequal sides
Term
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Definition
Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Term
What are the three plans that are all at right angles to one another
Definition
Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse
Term
Oblique Plane
Definition
Passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane
Term
Longitudinal Plane
Definition
A plane used to cut tubular
Term
Medial
Definition
Nearer to the midline of the body or a structure. The midline is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into right and left sides
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between two structures (Ring finder is intermediate between the little and middle finger)
Term
Lateral
Definition
Farther from the midline of the body or structure (Radius is on the lateral side of the forearm)
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
On the same side of the body (The Gallbladder and ascending colon of the large intestine are ipsilateral)
Term
Contrlateral
Definition
On the opposite side of the body (The ascending and descending colons of the large intesting are contralateral)
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward or on top of the surface of the body (The muscles of the thoracic wall are superficial to the organs in the thoracic cavity)
Term
Deep
Definition
Away from the surface of the body (The ribs are deep to the skin)
Term
Peroneal
Definition
Side of the leg - also known as Fibular
Term
Pollex
Definition
Thumb
Term
Calcaneal
Definition
Heel of the foot
Term
Gluteal
Definition
buttocks or rump
Term
Olecranal
Definition
Posterior side of the elbow
Term
Perineal
Definition
Region between the anus and external genitalia
Term
Plantar
Definition
Sole of the foot
Term
Popliteal
Definition
Back of the knee
Term
Sacral
Definition
Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
Term
Scapular
Definition
Scapula or shoulder blade area
Term
Sural
Definition
Calf or posterior surface of the leg
Term
Vetebral
Definition
Spinal Column
Term
Name the two body cavities
Definition
Dorsal (near the back surface of the body which contains the Cranial and Vertebral)
Ventral (which is subdivided by the diaphragm) into the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
Surrounds each lung. Small, fluid filled space between part of the serous membrane that covers the lungs and the part that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
Term
Mediastinum (left over space)
Definition
Between the pleural cavities, a broad, median partition (mass of tissues) medial to the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It includes the contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs themselves. Structures include the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
Term
Pericardial Cavity
Definition
Fluid filled space between the part of the serous membrane that covers the heart and the part that lines the thoracic cavity
Term
Abdominopelvic (name the two regions included and the organs within)
Definition
Abdominal: Stomch, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine

Pelvic: Urinary Bladder, portions of the large intestine, the internal organs of reproduction
Term
Name the four exposed cavities
Definition
Oral: Mouth; inside of teeth
Bucal: Between the cheeks and teeth
Otic: Ears
Optic: Eyes
Term
Membrane Linings: (name the two types of membrane linings)
Definition
Serous: 2-3 layers with serous fluid within the spaces

Mucos: 1 layer, very thick, produces mucous
Term
Name the membrane lining of the Lungs
Definition
Pleura:
Visceral - next to the lungs
Parietal - Away from the lungs
Pleura Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces
Term
Name the membrane lining of the Heart
Definition
Pericardia
Visceral - Next to the heart
Parietal - Away from the Heart
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces
Term
Name the membrane lining of the Peritonea (stomach)
Definition
Peritonea:
Visceral - Next to the stomach
Parietal - Away from the stomach
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces
Term
Serous Membranes: Name the two types
Definition
Cutaneous
Mucos (external)
Nasal Mucosa
Gastric Mucosa
Anal Mucosa
Vaginal Mucosa
Term
Define Retroperitoneal
Definition
Behind the peritoneum - such as organs consisting of the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestine and the urinary bladder
Term
Tissue definition
Definition
A group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activies
Term
Define Histology
Definition
Science that deals with the study of tissues
Term
Name the four types of tissues and their origin
Definition
Epithelial: From endoderm, mesoderm, ecoderm
Connective - from mesoderm
Muscle - from mesoderm
Nervous - from ectoderm
Term
Epitheal Tissue (Describing linings and glandular, characteristics, junctions, classifications)
Definition
Covering (lining) - covers or lines. Forms the superficial layer of the skin and some internal organs. Forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities and the interior of the respiratory.
Glandular - secreting portion of glands (sweat glands). Also combines with nervous tissue to make up special sense organs for smell, hearing, vision, touch.
Free Surface (apical) exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ or the exterior of the body
Basal Surface - attached to basal membrane
Basement Membrane - non living layer (Basal lamina and reticular lamina)
Avascular (no blood vessels), lots of cells and highly regenerative
Junctions: tight, fused together like a zipper / Has Desmosomes (like spot welds or buttons) and has hemidesmosomes (fibers only go in 1 direction) and a Gap which permits electrical or chemical signals to pass from cell to cell like a tunnel.
Classifications are according to
shape:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
Term
Describe the different types of cells in the Integumentary System;
Definition
Keratinocytes - 95% + epidermis cells
Merkel Cells - flat, disc shaped
-transmit touch
-associated with neurons
Langerhans Cells - actually WBC
-immunity
Melanocytes
-near blood vessels
-produce melanin
-reactive to UV light
-most common to become cancerous because they are so active
Term
Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Hair
Definition
Made of keratin
part of the epidermal layer
Arrector pili muscles attached
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
-waterproofing
-lubrication
-acinar in shape
Term
Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Nails
Definition
Made of keratin
no melanocytes (so no color)
Term
Describe the Dermis (true skin) layers (name all three)
Definition
Papillary Layer (1/5 of dermis)
-top, closest to epidermis
-mostly areolar CT
-lots of blood vessels & nerve endings
-Meissner's corpuscles (light touch)
-free nerve endings
Reticular (4/5 of dermis)
-Much thicker than papillary layer
-dense irregular CT
-Variable in thickness
-Sweat glands (coiled tubular)
-Pacinian Corpuscles (pressure receptors)
-Blood Vessels
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
-Mostly aidpose tissue
-temperature regulation
Term
Describe the Integumentary skin colors (3 types)
Definition
Melanin: Yellow to black (depending on concentration

Carotene (Precursor of Vitamin A and deposits into skin.

Hemoglobin (gives pink in color)
Term
Describe the glands of the Integument System (2 types)
Definition
Sebaceous (oil glands)
-Sebum
-Proteins, salts, cholesterol, fats
-low pH, slightly acidic
-Lubricates skin, hair
-Clogging
-blackheads
-pimples
-Reacts to sex hormones

Sweat (Sudoriferous) bland:
-Merocrine (eccrine)
-lots more of this type
-function throughout life
-salts, water, urea
-general no odor
-function is heat removal
-Apocrine:
-non-functional until puberty
-underarm, genitals, breasts
-secrete same as eccrine plus pheromones
-Ceruminous:
-makes ear wax - waterproofing
-Mammary (Milk)
-Specialized Sudoriferous glands
Term
Describe the Sutures of the cranium
Definition
Suture: an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones

Coronal - unites the frontal and 2 parietals

Sagittal - unites the two parietal

Lambdoid - unites the parietal and occipital

Squamous - unites the parietal and temporal
Term
Name the two divisions of the Skeleton
Definition
Axial Skeleton: Long axis of body
Appendicular - appendages
Term
In the Axial Skeleton, how many bones are there and what areas are included?
Definition
80 Bones
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage
Term
In the Axial Skeleton - how many Bones are in the Skull? Describe each.
Definition
22 Bones
Cranial - 8 bones
Frontal (1)forehead
Parietal (2) Sides and roof of head
Occipital (1) back of head
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Term
In the Axial Skeleton - name all the bones in the Facial Area
Definition
Mandible (1) lower jawbone
Maxillae (2) upper jawbone
Zygomatic (2) cheekbone
Nasal (2) bridge of the nose
Lacrimal (2) medial wall of ea. orbit
Vomer (1) triangular, nasal septum
Palatine (2) l-shaped palate
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Term
What is the only bone in the body that is not articulated with any other bone
Definition
Hyoid Bone

It is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Located in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is often fractured during strangulation. As a result, it is carefully examined in an autopsy when strangulation is suspected.
Term
Name the 7 bones of the orbit area
Definition
Frontal
Sphenoid
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Term
Name the Sinuses of the cranium
Definition
Sinuses: Hollow air filled spaces, lightens the skull and speech resonation

Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary (largest)
Term
Name the Fontanels of the skull
Definition
Fontanels: Fibrous sheath (membrane) connections

Anterior (Frontal)
Posterior (Occipital)
Anterolateral (Sphenoid)
Posterlateral (Mastoid)
Term
Name the regions of the Veterbral Column
Definition
Cervical (C1 - C7)
Thoracic (T1 - T12)
Lumbar (L1 - L5)
Sacral (S1 - S5)
Coccygeal (Co1 - Co4)
Term
Define Scoliosis:
Definition
Lateral curvature of the veterbral column in anterior / posterior view, no curves should be present in this view.
Term
Define Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
"hump back"
Term
Define Lordosis
Definition
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
(pregnant women)
Term
Name the 7 Vertebra Characteristics
Definition
Body
Pedicles
Laminae
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Superior Articular Processes
Inferior Articular Processes
Term
Describe the Ribcage (Thorax 2 bones)
Definition
Sternum
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xiphoid Process
Ribs - 12 pairs
-Vetebrosternal "true ribs" #1-7 attach directly to sternum and vertebrae
-Vertebrochondral "False ribs" #8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage and directly attach to vertebrae
-Floating "False Ribs" #11-12 - do not attach at all to sternum, only attached to vertebrae
Term
On the Appendicular Skeleton, name the two girdles and the extremities
Definition
Pectoral Girdle
-Upper arm
-lower arm
-hand
Pelvic Girdle
-Upper leg
-lower leg
-feet
Term
Name the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Definition
Clavicle(2)
Scapula (2)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hand (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges)
Term
Name the bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Definition
In adults (2) 2 Os Coxa bones
Children (3 bones make up Os coxa)
-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubic
Pelvis - (2) Os Coxa bones & Sacrum
Term
Name the Leg Bones and include feet
Definition
Femur
Tibia (weight bearing)
Fibula (bracing for tibia)

Foot: Tarsals - 7 bones
-Calcaneus
-Talus
-cuboid
-Navicular
-Cuneiform
Metatarsals - #1-5 from the big toe
Phalanges - Proximal, Medial, Distal
Term
Name the Auditory Ossicles which is inside the temporal bone
Definition
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Term
What is the Wormian Bones
Definition
Little islands of bones within the sutures
Term
What and where are the sesamoid bones.
Definition
They look like sesame seeds, they are found inside tendons such as the Patella
Term
Name the 4 types of bone shapes
Definition
Long: longer than they are wide, hollow and contain yellow bone marrow (fat)
Short: Square, not completely solid
Flat: Sandwich
Irregular: no particular shape (vertebra)
Other: Wormian or sesamoid
Term
What are the 16 markings of bones
Definition
Fissure
Fontaneal
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Line
Crest
Head
Chondyle
Epichondyle
Canal
Meatus
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Fissure:
Definition
A narrow, cleftlike opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Fontanel"
Definition
Space between skull bones at birth, filled with dense fibrous connective tissue
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Foramen"
Definition
Hole - generally blood vessels or nerve
Term
Define the marking on the bone "fossa"
Definition
Depression
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Sulcus"
Definition
A groove that accomodates a soft structure such as blood vessel, nerve or tendon
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Tubercle"
Definition
Bump or rough area
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Tuberosity"
Definition
Rough area, bigger than a tubercle
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Trochanter"
Definition
Even bigger rough area
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Spine"
Definition
Sharp projection
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Line"
Definition
ridge, but not very prominent
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Crest"
Definition
prominent ridge
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Head"
Definition
Expanded end of bone
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Chondyle"
Definition
Raised surface or bump
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Epichondyle"
Definition
Bump on a bump
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Canal"
Definition
Long tunnel
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Meatus"
Definition
Membrane lined tunnel
Term
Charactistics of living cells: Movement (2 types)
Definition
Locomotion
Cellular
Term
Catabolism
Definition
Breaking down complex molecules that occur in the body
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Uses the energy from catabolism to build the body's structural and function components
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
Term
Surface Anatomy
Definition
Study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body
Term
Anatomy
Definition
To Cut / study of structure and the relationships among structures.
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
Can be studied with the naked eye
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
Cannot be studied with the naked eye
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
Specific region of the body such as the head or the chest
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
Groups of organs (systems)such as the nervous system
Term
Imaging Anatomy
Definition
Xray, CAT, PET, MRI
Term
Develomental Anatomy
Definition
Study of the development from the fertilized egg to adult form.
Term
Embryology
Definition
Study of the development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero
Term
Histology
Definition
Microscopic study of the structure of tissues.
Term
Cytology
Definition
Chemical and microscopic study of the structure of cells
Term
Pathological Anatomy
Definition
Study of the structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease
Term
Physiology
Definition
Study of FUNCTIONS of the body parts and how it works
Term
Cell Physiology
Definition
Study of the functions of cells
Term
Pathophysiology
Definition
Study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging
Term
Exercise Physiology
Definition
Study of the changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
Study of functional characteristics of nerve cells
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
Study of hormones (chemical regulators in the blood)and how they control body functions.
Term
Cardiovascular Physiology
Definition
Study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels
Term
Immunology
Definition
Study of body defenses and mechanisms
Term
Respiratory Physiology
Definition
Study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs
Term
Renal Physiology
Definition
Study of the function of kidneys
Term
Organizational Chart (from most important to least important)
Definition
Organism
System
Organ
Tissue
Cellular
Chemical
Term
Integumentary System (name components and functions)
Definition
Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands.
Functions: Regulate body temperature, protection, elimination of some wastes, helps produce vitamin D, monitors stimuli (temperature and pressure changes)
Term
Skeletal System (name components and functions)
Definition
Bones, cartilage, joints
Supports, protection, movement, stores minerals, holds cells that create RBC's.
Term
Muscular System (components and function)
Definition
Specifically skeletal muscle tissue, smooth and cardiac/
Movement, stabilization (posture), generates heat
Term
Nervous System (components / functions)
Definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Regulates body activities through action potentials (nerve impulses) by detecting changes in the internal / external environments, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by inducing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
Term
Endocrine System (component / function)
Definition
All hormone-producing blands and cells (ex: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas)
Regulates body activities through hormones, chemicals transported in the blood
Term
Cardiovascular System (component / function)
Definition
Blood, heart, veins, arteries, capillaries
Distribute oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste from cells, helps maintain the acid/base balance of the body, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming clots, helps regulate body temperature
Term
Lymphatic & Immune (component / function)
Definition
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, structures or organs containing lymphatic tissue (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, consils)
Returns plasma and proteins to the cardiovascular system, transports fats from GI system to the cardiovascular system, protects against disease by producing antibodies.
Term
Respiratory System (component / function)
Definition
Lungs, trachea, bronchi, nose, pharynx

Supply oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, helps regulate the acid / base balance of the body, helps produce vocal sounds
Term
Digestive System (component / function)
Definition
Stomach, intesting, liver, tongue, mouth, esophagus, salivary gland

Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste
Term
Urinary System (component / function)
Definition
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood, eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, helps maintain the acid base and calcium balance of the body, secretes a hormone that regulates RBC production
Term
Reproductive System (component / function)
Definition
Organs (testes, ovaries) that produce reproductive cells or gametes (sperm or ova), uterine tubes, uterus, epididymis, vas deferns, penis

Produces gametes, which can unite to form a new organism, and hormones that help to regulate metabolism
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
A condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits. An important aspect of homeostasis is regulation of the volume and composition of body fluids, which are dilute, watery solutions found inside cells and surrounding them
Term
Body Fluids (3 types)
Definition
Intracellular (within the cell)
Extracellular (outside the cell)
Interstitial (Between cells of tissues)
Term
Homeostasis "Dynamic Equilibrium"
Definition
All systems work together to maintain the dynamic equilibrium within the body
Term
Normal Range (another word for)
Definition
Set Point
Term
Plasma
Definition
The EFC (Extra Cellular Fluid) in the blood vessels
Term
Stress
Definition
A challenge to homeostasis. Any stimulus that tends to create an imbalance in the internal environment.
Term
Feedback Systems:
Definition
(loops) - A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region
Term
Control Center
Definition
Determs the value at which some aspect of the body, called a "controlled condition" should be maintained
Term
Receptor
Definition
Monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information called the "input" to the control center
Term
Effector
Definition
Receives the information, called the "output" from the control center and produces a response "effect".
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
The response enhances or INTENSIFIES the original stimulus ***AWAY FROM*** such as childbirth
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
The response reverses the original stimulus
Term
Abdominalpelvis Regions (name the 9 regions)
Definition
R-Hypo Epigastric L- Hypocho
R-Lumbar Umbilical L-Lumbar
R. Iliac Hypogastric L-Iliac
Term
Right Hypochondriac (list organs within)
Definition
Liver, Gallbladder
Term
Epigastric Region(list organs within)
Definition
Stomach
Term
Left Hyponchondriac Region (list organs within)
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
Right Lumbar Region (list organs within)
Definition
Ascending colon of large intestine
Term
Umbilical Region (list organs within)
Definition
Small intestine and portion of transverse colon
Term
Left Lumbar Region (list organs within)
Definition
Descending colon of large intestine
Term
Right Iliac Region (list organs within)
Definition
Cecum and appendix
Term
Hypogastric Region (list organs within)
Definition
Urinary Bladder
Term
Left Iliac Region (list organs within)
Definition
Sigmoid Colon
Term
Quadrants (list all four)
Definition
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
Term
Midsaggital Plane
Definition
Plan passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal sides
Term
Parasaggital Plane
Definition
Plane does not pass through the midline dividing the body or organ into unequal sides
Term
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Definition
Divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Term
What are the three plans that are all at right angles to one another
Definition
Sagittal, Frontal and Transverse
Term
Oblique Plane
Definition
Passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or frontal plane
Term
Longitudinal Plane
Definition
A plane used to cut tubular
Term
Medial
Definition
Nearer to the midline of the body or a structure. The midline is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into right and left sides
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between two structures (Ring finder is intermediate between the little and middle finger)
Term
Lateral
Definition
Farther from the midline of the body or structure (Radius is on the lateral side of the forearm)
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
On the same side of the body (The Gallbladder and ascending colon of the large intestine are ipsilateral)
Term
Contrlateral
Definition
On the opposite side of the body (The ascending and descending colons of the large intesting are contralateral)
Term
Superficial
Definition
Toward or on top of the surface of the body (The muscles of the thoracic wall are superficial to the organs in the thoracic cavity)
Term
Deep
Definition
Away from the surface of the body (The ribs are deep to the skin)
Term
Peroneal
Definition
Side of the leg - also known as Fibular
Term
Pollex
Definition
Thumb
Term
Calcaneal
Definition
Heel of the foot
Term
Gluteal
Definition
buttocks or rump
Term
Olecranal
Definition
Posterior side of the elbow
Term
Perineal
Definition
Region between the anus and external genitalia
Term
Plantar
Definition
Sole of the foot
Term
Popliteal
Definition
Back of the knee
Term
Sacral
Definition
Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
Term
Scapular
Definition
Scapula or shoulder blade area
Term
Sural
Definition
Calf or posterior surface of the leg
Term
Vetebral
Definition
Spinal Column
Term
Name the two body cavities
Definition
Dorsal (near the back surface of the body which contains the Cranial and Vertebral)
Ventral (which is subdivided by the diaphragm) into the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
Surrounds each lung. Small, fluid filled space between part of the serous membrane that covers the lungs and the part that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
Term
Mediastinum (left over space)
Definition
Between the pleural cavities, a broad, median partition (mass of tissues) medial to the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column. It includes the contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs themselves. Structures include the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
Term
Pericardial Cavity
Definition
Fluid filled space between the part of the serous membrane that covers the heart and the part that lines the thoracic cavity
Term
Abdominopelvic (name the two regions included and the organs within)
Definition
Abdominal: Stomch, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, most of the large intestine

Pelvic: Urinary Bladder, portions of the large intestine, the internal organs of reproduction
Term
Name the four exposed cavities
Definition
Oral: Mouth; inside of teeth
Bucal: Between the cheeks and teeth
Otic: Ears
Optic: Eyes
Term
Membrane Linings: (name the two types of membrane linings)
Definition
Serous: 2-3 layers with serous fluid within the spaces

Mucos: 1 layer, very thick, produces mucous
Term
Name the membrane lining of the Lungs
Definition
Pleura:
Visceral - next to the lungs
Parietal - Away from the lungs
Pleura Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces
Term
Name the membrane lining of the Heart
Definition
Pericardia
Visceral - Next to the heart
Parietal - Away from the Heart
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces
Term
Name the membrane lining of the Peritonea (stomach)
Definition
Peritonea:
Visceral - Next to the stomach
Parietal - Away from the stomach
Parietal Fluid - extra liquid within the two spaces
Term
Serous Membranes: Name the two types
Definition
Cutaneous
Mucos (external)
Nasal Mucosa
Gastric Mucosa
Anal Mucosa
Vaginal Mucosa
Term
Define Retroperitoneal
Definition
Behind the peritoneum - such as organs consisting of the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestine and the urinary bladder
Term
Tissue definition
Definition
A group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activies
Term
Define Histology
Definition
Science that deals with the study of tissues
Term
Name the four types of tissues and their origin
Definition
Epithelial: From endoderm, mesoderm, ecoderm
Connective - from mesoderm
Muscle - from mesoderm
Nervous - from ectoderm
Term
Epitheal Tissue (Describing linings and glandular, characteristics, junctions, classifications)
Definition
Covering (lining) - covers or lines. Forms the superficial layer of the skin and some internal organs. Forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities and the interior of the respiratory.
Glandular - secreting portion of glands (sweat glands). Also combines with nervous tissue to make up special sense organs for smell, hearing, vision, touch.
Free Surface (apical) exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ or the exterior of the body
Basal Surface - attached to basal membrane
Basement Membrane - non living layer (Basal lamina and reticular lamina)
Avascular (no blood vessels), lots of cells and highly regenerative
Junctions: tight, fused together like a zipper / Has Desmosomes (like spot welds or buttons) and has hemidesmosomes (fibers only go in 1 direction) and a Gap which permits electrical or chemical signals to pass from cell to cell like a tunnel.
Classifications are according to shape:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional
Term
Describe the different types of cells in the Integumentary System;
Definition
Keratinocytes - 95% + epidermis cells
Merkel Cells - flat, disc shaped
-transmit touch
-associated with neurons
Langerhans Cells - actually WBC
-immunity
Melanocytes
-near blood vessels
-produce melanin
-reactive to UV light
-most common to become cancerous because they are so active
Term
Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Hair
Definition
Made of keratin
part of the epidermal layer
Arrector pili muscles attached
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
-waterproofing
-lubrication
-acinar in shape
Term
Describe the Epidermal Derivative of Nails
Definition
Made of keratin
no melanocytes (so no color)
Term
Describe the Dermis (true skin) layers (name all three)
Definition
Papillary Layer (1/5 of dermis)
-top, closest to epidermis
-mostly areolar CT
-lots of blood vessels & nerve endings
-Meissner's corpuscles (light touch)
-free nerve endings
Reticular (4/5 of dermis)
-Much thicker than papillary layer
-dense irregular CT
-Variable in thickness
-Sweat glands (coiled tubular)
-Pacinian Corpuscles (pressure receptors)
-Blood Vessels
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous)
-Mostly aidpose tissue
-temperature regulation
Term
Describe the Integumentary skin colors (3 types)
Definition
Melanin: Yellow to black (depending on concentration

Carotene (Precursor of Vitamin A and deposits into skin.

Hemoglobin (gives pink in color)
Term
Describe the glands of the Integument System (2 types)
Definition
Sebaceous (oil glands)
-Sebum
-Proteins, salts, cholesterol, fats
-low pH, slightly acidic
-Lubricates skin, hair
-Clogging
-blackheads
-pimples
-Reacts to sex hormones

Sweat (Sudoriferous) bland:
-Merocrine (eccrine)
-lots more of this type
-function throughout life
-salts, water, urea
-general no odor
-function is heat removal
-Apocrine:
-non-functional until puberty
-underarm, genitals, breasts
-secrete same as eccrine plus pheromones
-Ceruminous:
-makes ear wax - waterproofing
-Mammary (Milk)
-Specialized Sudoriferous glands
Term
Describe the Sutures of the cranium
Definition
Suture: an immovable joint that is found only between skull bones

Coronal - unites the frontal and 2 parietals

Sagittal - unites the two parietal

Lambdoid - unites the parietal and occipital

Squamous - unites the parietal and temporal
Term
Name the two divisions of the Skeleton
Definition
Axial Skeleton: Long axis of body
Appendicular - appendages
Term
In the Axial Skeleton, how many bones are there and what areas are included?
Definition
80 Bones
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage
Term
In the Axial Skeleton - how many Bones are in the Skull? Describe each.
Definition
22 Bones
Cranial - 8 bones
Frontal (1)forehead
Parietal (2) Sides and roof of head
Occipital (1) back of head
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Term
In the Axial Skeleton - name all the bones in the Facial Area
Definition
Mandible (1) lower jawbone
Maxillae (2) upper jawbone
Zygomatic (2) cheekbone
Nasal (2) bridge of the nose
Lacrimal (2) medial wall of ea. orbit
Vomer (1) triangular, nasal septum
Palatine (2) l-shaped palate
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Term
What is the only bone in the body that is not articulated with any other bone
Definition
Hyoid Bone

It is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Located in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is often fractured during strangulation. As a result, it is carefully examined in an autopsy when strangulation is suspected.
Term
Name the 7 bones of the orbit area
Definition
Frontal
Sphenoid
Palatine
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Term
Name the Sinuses of the cranium
Definition
Sinuses: Hollow air filled spaces, lightens the skull and speech resonation

Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary (largest)
Term
Name the Fontanels of the skull
Definition
Fontanels: Fibrous sheath (membrane) connections

Anterior (Frontal)
Posterior (Occipital)
Anterolateral (Sphenoid)
Posterlateral (Mastoid)
Term
Name the regions of the Veterbral Column
Definition
Cervical (C1 - C7)
Thoracic (T1 - T12)
Lumbar (L1 - L5)
Sacral (S1 - S5)
Coccygeal (Co1 - Co4)
Term
Define Scoliosis:
Definition
L:ateral curvature of the veterbral column in anterior / posterior view, no curves should be present in this view.
Term
Define Kyphosis
Definition
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
"hump back"
Term
Define Lordosis
Definition
Exaggerated lumbar curvature
(pregnant women)
Term
Name the 7 Vertebra Characteristics
Definition
Body
Pedicles
Laminae
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Superior Articular Processes
Inferior Articular Processes
Term
Describe the Ribcage (Thorax 2 bones)
Definition
Sternum
-Manubrium
-Body
-Xiphoid Process
Ribs - 12 pairs
-Vetebrosternal "true ribs" #1-7 attach directly to sternum and vertebrae
-Vertebrochondral "False ribs" #8-10 attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage and directly attach to vertebrae
-Floating "False Ribs" #11-12 - do not attach at all to sternum, only attached to vertebrae
Term
On the Appendicular Skeleton, name the two girdles and the extremities
Definition
Pectoral Girdle
-Upper arm
-lower arm
-hand
Pelvic Girdle
-Upper leg
-lower leg
-feet
Term
Name the Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Definition
Clavicle(2)
Scapula (2)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Hand (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges)
Term
Name the bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Definition
In adults (2) 2 Os Coxa bones
Children (3 bones make up Os coxa)
-Ilium
-Ischium
-Pubic
Pelvis - (2) Os Coxa bones & Sacrum
Term
Name the Leg Bones and include feet
Definition
Femur
Tibia (weight bearing)
Fibula (bracing for tibia)

Foot: Tarsals - 7 bones
-Calcaneus
-Talus
-cuboid
-Navicular
-Cuneiform
Metatarsals - #1-5 from the big toe
Phalanges - Proximal, Medial, Distal
Term
Name the Auditory Ossicles which is inside the temporal bone
Definition
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Term
What is the Wormian Bones
Definition
Little islands of bones within the sutures
Term
What and where are the sesamoid bones.
Definition
They look like sesame seeds, they are found inside tendons such as the Patella
Term
Name the 4 types of bone shapes
Definition
Long: longer than they are wide, hollow and contain yellow bone marrow (fat)
Short: Square, not completely solid
Flat: Sandwich
Irregular: no particular shape (vertebra)
Other: Wormian or sesamoid
Term
What are the 16 markings of bones
Definition
Fissure
Fontaneal
Foramen
Fossa
Sulcus
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Spine
Line
Crest
Head
Chondyle
Epichondyle
Canal
Meatus
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Fissure:
Definition
A narrow, cleftlike opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Fontanel"
Definition
Space between skull bones at birth, filled with dense fibrous connective tissue
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Foramen"
Definition
Hole - generally blood vessels or nerve
Term
Define the marking on the bone "fossa"
Definition
Depression
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Sulcus"
Definition
A groove that accomodates a soft structure such as blood vessel, nerve or tendon
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Tubercle"
Definition
Bump or rough area
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Tuberosity"
Definition
Rough area, bigger than a tubercle
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Trochanter"
Definition
Even bigger rough area
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Spine"
Definition
Sharp projection
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Line"
Definition
ridge, but not very prominent
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Crest"
Definition
prominent ridge
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Head"
Definition
Expanded end of bone
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Chondyle"
Definition
Raised surface or bump
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Epichondyle"
Definition
Bump on a bump
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Canal"
Definition
Long tunnel
Term
Define the marking on the bone "Meatus"
Definition
Membrane lined tunnel
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