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1783-1830
Wealthy Venezuelan upbringing
President of Gran Columbia and Peru
Freed Northern part of South America from Spanish rule, early 19th century
Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia
Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) was a very important leader in South America’s struggle for independence from the Spanish. Bolivar grew up in a wealthy Venezuelan merchant-class family, and was taught to appreciate European Enlightenment ideals, such as a state governed by reason. During his lifetime he became the president of Gran Columbia and Peru. He organized and led small military troops to free the Northern part of South America from Spanish rule in the early 19th century. Bolivar’s direct action resulted in freedom for Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. |
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Monarch has sole power
No constitution/body of law more important
Europe, 17th-19th centuries
Radical, many uprisings
Louis XIV (1661-1715), one king, one law, one faith
Sovereign as highest word of law
Absolutism is a form of government where the monarch has sole power to rule their land and citizens freely. There is no constitution or body of law above what is decreed by the sovereign. The use of absolutism as a governing strategy was mainly seen in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries. Most people consider this governmental strategy very radical, and it caused many uprisings in Europe during its use. Louis XIV is one of the best-known historical examples of an absolute monarch. He ruled over France from 1661 to 1715. His goal in ruling was to create a unified France under one king, one law, and one faith. This ideology is very absolutist in nature, because it promotes the sovereign as the highest word of law. |
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Change from manual labor to manufacturing/machinery
Europe, late 18th/early 19th centuries
Major agricultural, manufacturing, transportation changes
Spread from Britain -> Europe -> world
Production changed, new inventions made
Steam power, machine tools: efficiency
Trade expansion
Larger urban pop, job shortages, rise in food prices
Almost every aspect of life changed by this period
Industrialization is the process of change from a mostly manual labor-based economy to one dominated by manufacturing and machinery. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when Europe experienced major changes in the fields of agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread throughout the rest of Europe, and eventually through the entire world. Not only were the methods of production of goods changed, new inventions were created during this period of industrialization. The goal of industrialization was efficiency, so innovations such as steam power and machine tools were introduced. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals and improved roadways. However, the process of Industrialization in Western Europe also brought about large urban population growth, job shortages, and the rising of food costs. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in human society because almost every aspect of everyday life was influenced in some way by changes that took place during this period. |
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National expansion, when state is more powerful than obstacles (other states, geography)
Leaders of countries often oppress natives, disguise intent
Want personal gain or commercial benefits for country
Leads to empire building, taking over land
European nation states, late 19th century
Unprecedented expansion (Asia, Africa, Americas)
Because of new power from industrialization and organization
European ideas spread worldwide by colonization
Imperialism is the idea of national expansion, which occurs when one state is more powerful than are the obstacles to expansion (such as other states or people, or geographic barriers). In many cases, imperialism leads to situations where the leaders of the colonizing country oppress the native people. The rulers sometimes disguise their original intent in entering the area, which usually has to do with personal gain or commercial benefits for their country. Imperialism leads to empire building, when countries take over other less powerful lands for power and wealth, as seen in the European nation states in the late 19th century. Europe experienced a period of unprecedented expansion because of extensive colonization of areas such as Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This colonization was made possible due to Europe’s newfound power, gained from the industrialization and organizational efficiency. Through extensive colonization and emigration, European ideas were spread worldwide. |
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Conservative 18th century reformist movement of Sunni Islam
Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)
Attacked "lax" religious practices
Inhabitants reluctant to pick up on commercial activities joined Wahabism
Advocated return to first three generations of Islamic history
Tawhid, "the uniqueness and unity of God"
Wahabism was a conservative 18th century reformist movement of Sunni Islam. The idea of Wahabism was started when Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), a religious cleric living in the area now known as Saudi Arabia, began attacking what he felt were lax religious practices. The local inhabitants of the area picked up on his message quickly because they were reluctant to join in the new commercial activities spreading through the area. Participants in Wahabism advocated a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history. The primary doctrine of Wahabism is Tawhid, or “the uniqueness and unity of God.” |
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"Sepoy," native Indian soldier allied to Europe
Rebellion in 1857, new rifles used animal fat as grease
Took almost a year to suppress uprisings
Important watershed in Indian history, dissolved East India Company in 1858
Forced Britain to reorganize army, finances, admin. in India
India was governed from London until 1947
Signified the end of company rule, forced British gov. to take control of country
A “sepoy” was a native Indian soldier who was allied to a European power, usually the UK. The rebellion was in 1857, because the sepoys discovered that the new rifles being issued to them used animal fat to grease the casings. It took the better part of a year to suppress the uprisings. The rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian history, because it led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858 and forced Britain to reorganize the army, financial system, and administration in India. India was thereafter governed directly from London in a system that remained until 1947. The Sepoy Rebellion signified the end of company rule over India, and forced the British crown to take control of the country. |
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Historical title, military rank (Japan)
Means "general"
Powerful feudal rulers 17th-19th centuries
Starting in Tokugawa period (1603-1867) most power was with Shogun, not emperor in Kyoto
Controlled foreign policy, military, feudal patronage
Emperor only ceremonial
Shogun is a historical title and military rank in Japan. “Shogun” literally means “general.” Shoguns were powerful feudal rulers from the 17th to 19th centuries. Shoguns also became important political powers at the beginning of the Tokugawa period in Japan (1603-1867), most power rested with the shogun, not the emperor in Kyoto. The shogun controlled foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The role of the emperor was ceremonial only during this period. |
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| Chinese Civil Service Exam |
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People chosen for civil service positions based on skill
NOT connections or inheritance
Put into place 6th century
Tested for proficiency in six arts
(music, archery, horsemanship, arithmetic, writing, knowledge of rituals/ceremonies of public and private life)
Later expanded into military strategy, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture, geography
Very rigorous (24-72 hours, isolated)
Very small success rate
The reason this exam existed was that people were chosen for civil service positions based on their skill rather than their connections or inheritance. The civil service exam was put into place during the 6th century. Originally, people were tested for their proficiency in the six arts: music, archery, horsemanship, arithmetic, writing, and knowledge of the rituals and ceremonies of both public and private life. However, the exam later expanded into things such as military strategies, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture and geography. The test was very rigorous, sometimes lasting 24 or even 72 hours in isolated examination rooms. The success rate was extremely small. |
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Nations are bound together by culture/ethnicity
Nation is most important group a person can belong to
European states thought nationalism was necessary to modernize economy/society
French Revolution (1788-1804)
French citizens banded together to create improved nation
Many types, civil nationalism, state bases political legitimacy on citizens
Represent "will of the people"
Nationalism is the belief that nations are bound together by culture or ethnicity, and that the nation is the most important group that a person can belong to, above other subdivisions of people such as provincial or religious groupings. It was believed by European states that nationalism was necessary to modernize economy and society. There are various types of nationalism, including civil nationalism. Civil nationalism is the form of nationalism in which the state bases its political legitimacy on the citizens, and should represent the “will of the people”. The French Revolution (1788-1804) is a good example of nationalism. During this period French citizens banded together with the desire of creating an improved nation. |
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Movement in W. Europe during 18th century
Renee Descartes, Thomas Paine
Broadened human knowledge of science, history, religion
New technology developed throughout Europe
New philosophy/tech developed into advancement in education, trade, warfare
Germany, France, Britain, Russia, Scandinavia
Spread worldwide
The Enlightenment was a movement in Western Europe during the 18th century. Philosophers such as Renee Descartes and Thomas Paine (known as Enlightenment thinkers) broadened the human knowledge of science, history, religion, and various other topics. At the same time, new technology was being developed throughout Europe. These new philosophical and technological developments culminated into advancement in the realms of education, trade, and warfare. The Enlightenment developed in Germany, France, Britain, Russia, and Scandinavia, but the ideas created in this time were spread worldwide. |
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Economic prosperity depends on country's supply of goods
Volume of world economy/international trade is unchangeable
Increase economic resources by encourage exports, discourage imports
High tariffs on goods entering country kept imports low
Ideas encouraged many European wars over trading politics
16th-18th centuries, fell out of favor late 18th when economists like Adam Smith became popular
Mercantilism is the theory that economic prosperity depends on a country’s supply of goods. It supports the idea that the volume of the world economy and international trade are unchangeable. Governments using the mercantilist system believe that they can increase their economic resources by encouraging exports and discouraging imports. Quantities imported were controlled and kept low by high tariffs on goods entering the mercantilist countries. Mercantilist ideas are important because they encouraged many wars in Europe as the powers within the continent fought over trading politics. Mercantilism was very popular in Europe in the 16th – 18th centuries, but fell out of favor in the late 18th century when the ideology of economists such as Adam Smith became more popular. |
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Socioeconomic theory, stateless and classless society
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels
Growing wealth of bourgeoisie, decreasing wealth of proletariat during Industrial Rev.
The Communist Manifesto, 1848, society will naturally become classless
Communism is a socioeconomic theory that encourages a stateless and classless society. Philosophers such as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels first brought the idea of communism to light. Their idea was sparked by the growing wealth of the bourgeoisie and the simultaneously decreasing wealth of the proletariat during the time of the Industrial Revolution. Marx and Engels stated in their well-known document “The Communist Manifesto” (written 1848) that over time, society will naturally become classless. |
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DON'T DO THIS ONE
Spanish term for people of mixed European, American Indian, South American descent
During Spanish Empire (15th-16th centuries)
Originated when Spaniards were colonizing America
Converted Catholics, spoke Spanish
“Mestizo” is a Spanish term that was used to refer to individuals of mixed European, American Indian, and/or South American descent during the Spanish Empire (15th and 16th centuries). The term originated when the Spaniards were colonizing America. These people were converted Catholics, but spoke Spanish. |
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1850-1864, large-scale revolt against Chinese Qing government
Hong Xiuquan led rebellion
Organized reforms, abolition of foot binding, separation of sexes, suppression of private trade
Replacing Confucianism, etc. with Christianity
Established "the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace," large parts of Southern China
Over 30 million people
Harassed by Qing forces, put down by Qing with French and British forces
Third bloodiest conflict after WWs, 20-30 million died from war/starvation
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) was a large-scale revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing government in China. The leader of the rebellion was Hong Xiuquan. He controlled an army and headed his own civil administration. He tried to organize many reforms such as the abolition of foot binding, separation of the sexes, and suppression of private trade. He also wanted to replace Confucianism and other philosophies with Christianity. Hong Xiuquan successfully established an area known as the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, which was made up of large parts of southern China. At its prime, this area was composed of over 30 million people. However, the Taiping areas were constantly being harassed by Qing forces, and the rebellion was eventually put down by the Qing army in league with French and British forces. This civil war is known as the third bloodiest conflict in history, behind the two world wars. The estimated death toll was between 20 to 30 million due to warfare and the period of starvation that followed it. |
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DON'T DO THIS ONE
Member of Society of Jesus
Largest male Christian organization
Est. 1534, Ignatius of Loyola
Made many missions worldwide to spread Christianity
Asked to leave Spain due to territory control in S America
A Jesuit is a member of the Society of Jesus, the largest male Christian organization established. It was established in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola, and is still present in the world today. Jesuits made many missions around the world with the goal of spreading Christianity. They were eventually asked to leave Spain due to their territory control in South America. |
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Tungusic people from Manchuria
Power in 17th century when conquered Ming with Chinese rebels
Founded Qing dynasty (1644-1912)
Created many policies toward Han Chinese to make sure they stayed in power
Important documents/legislature all in Manchu language
Cultural assimilation, hair and clothing
Qing dynasty abolished in 1912 after Xinhai Rev.
Republican gov. established
The Manchu are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria. They experienced a period of power in the 17th century when they conquered the Ming dynasty along with the help of Ming rebels. After they took down the Ming government, they founded the Qing dynasty (1644-1912). They created many policies toward the Han Chinese (who were in power before) in order to make sure there were no people higher in power than the Manchu. They translated important documents and legislature into the Manchu language, so it was inaccessible to the Chinese. They also ordered the Chinese to assimilate aspects of their culture, such as hair and clothing style, to the Manchu ways. The Qing dynasty was finally abolished in 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, and a republican government was established in its place. |
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