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8th Grade Am.History Chapter 2
Terms in Chapter 2 The American Nation
25
History
8th Grade
08/28/2011

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Term
Mali - Songhai
Definition
Two great West African trading kingdoms that arose between 1200 and 1400
Term
Olmec
Definition
Earliest known civilization in the Americas
Term
Ancient Romans
Definition
Developed the idea of republican government (Citizens choose representatives to govern them.)
Term
Judaism
Definition
Source of the Ten Commandments
Term
Native Americans
Definition
Maintaining a close bond with animals is central to their belief system
Term
Ancient Greeks
Definition
Created the first direct democracy, a form of government in which ordinary citizens have the power to govern.
Term
Mayan
Definition
Early American civilization that developed a system of numbers that included the concept of zero
Term
Aztecs
Definition
Built causeways (raised roads made of packed earth)to connect their capital Tenochtitlan, in the center of a lake, to the mainland
Term
Anasazi
Definition
This American culture group had large houses with walls of stone or sun-dried brick.
Term
Iroquois
Definition
Around 1570, this American group created a league of five nations that joined together to end fighting among themselves.
Term
Crusades
Definition
A series of wars in 1100-1300 fought by Christians to get control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
Term
Inca
Definition
Early American civilization that built a complex system of roads (over 10,000 miles) and rope bridges to unite its empire
Term
Native Americans of the Great Plains
Definition
Relied on buffalo to meet their basic needs
Term
Zweng He
Definition
Chinese explorer between 1405-1433 who had a fleet of 300 ships (the largest over 400' long) who made seven long voyages
Term
Mounds
Definition
Used for burial and religious ceremonies, thousands of these dot the landscape from Wisconsin to Florida
Term
Feudalism
Definition
A kind of government in the Middle Ages (A.D.500-1400), in which lords ruled their lands, but owed loyalty and military service to a monarch.
Term
potlatch
Definition
Ceremonial dinner of the Pacific Northwest
that could last for days
Term
sachems
Definition
Council of specially chosen Iroquois tribal leaders that met once a year
Term
caravans
Definition
Groups of people who traveled together for safety
Term
savannah
Definition
Region of grasslands that cover much of West Africa
Term
diffusion
Definition
Process of spreading ideas from one culture to another
Term
kachinas
Definition
Spirits who were represented by masked Native American dancers
Term
quipu
Definition
Used by the Inca, a cord or string with knots that stood for quantities
Term
clan
Definition
In Iroquois tradition, two or more related families
Term
adobe
Definition
Sun dried brick used by Native Americans in the Southwest.
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