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| learned to work with bronze and how to build ships from the Minoans, as well as how to navigate by the sun and stars |
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| first civilization in present-day Greece; made their living by trade |
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| Dark Age 1100 B.C. - 750 B.C. |
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| trade declined, poverty increased, the Greeks stopped using their written language and forgot many of their skills; many Greeks moved to islands in the Aegean or the western shore of Asia Minor (now Turkey) |
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| open area below the acropolis; served as a market and place for discussion and debate |
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| Greek city-states that functioned like a tiny, independent country |
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| one who takes power by force and rules with total authority |
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| government system used by the Spartans in which only a few people hold power |
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| government system used by Athens, in which all people share in running the government |
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| focused on military service, with the men living in military barracks from age 20 to 30, and serving until age 60 |
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| focused on government and education |
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| united the Persians into a large, powerful kingdom, but treated his new subjects well |
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| the monotheistic religion of the Persians |
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| Athens's Golden Age, a time of great creativity and learning in Athens |
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| built by Pericles on the Acropolis in Athens; workers hauled 20,000 tons of marble; took over 15 years to complete |
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| Son of Darius; Persian king who wanted revenge on Greece for the Persian defeat at Marathon |
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| protect the constitution, honor religion and the temples, do not dishonor weapons or desert comrades |
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| idea came from the Phoenicians, had 24 letters that stood for different sounds |
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| citizenship in Greek city-states |
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| limited to free, native-born, land-owning men |
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| system in Athens in which all citizens gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters (instead of sending representatives) |
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| began as an alliance of city states to protect the Greeks from the Persians |
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