Term
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Definition
| -the small denuded areas in the cell monolayer that is left from dead cells caused by viral repication |
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Term
| What does CPE stand for? What does it mean? What do they usually indicate? |
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Definition
-cytopathic effects
-microscopically visible morphological changes in cell cutlures induced by viruses
-indication virus replication |
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Term
| What causes cytopathic effects on cell cultures? Can you give me some examples? |
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Definition
-due to cell dying as a result of the viral infection
-cell swelling, rounding, stranding, shrinking, presence of inclustion bodies within viral infected cells, cell fusion |
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Term
| What are the two types of inclusion bodies? |
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Definition
| -intranuclear (IN) or intracytoplasmic (IC) |
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Term
| In regards to inclusion bodies: DNA viruses generally cause (IC/IN) inclusions and RNA viruses generally cause (IC/IN) inclusions. What is the one exception to these generalizations? |
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Definition
-IN
-IC
-poxvirus is a DNA virus that causes IC inclusions |
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Term
| What are inclusion bodies? |
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Definition
| -site of virus replication where viral proteins accumulate |
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Term
| What are Crystalline masses? |
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Definition
| -aggregate of complete virions |
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Term
| True or False: The presence of distinctive inclusions during histopathological examination of tissues is a very important criterion for diangosing certain viral infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| Rabies virus infected neurons exhibit (IC/IN) inclusions called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adenovirus infected cells exhibit (IC/IN) inclusions that look like what? In which cells does canine edencvirus type I cause inclusions? |
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Definition
-IN
-basophilic
-liver cells |
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Term
| Distemper virus infected cells can exhibit (IC/IN) inclusions in the __(name the organ)__. What about in other organs? |
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Definition
-IC and IN
-brain
-mostly IC in other organs |
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Term
Definition: Syncytia
-which viruses do this? |
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Definition
-multinucleated giant cells htat result from viral induction of fusion of the plasma membranes of surrounding infected cells
-parainfluenza virus and herpesvirus |
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Term
| Can you see inclusion bodies in nonstained viral infected cells? Are thye seen in vivo or in vitro? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: All viruses cause inclusions thus they are a key diagnostic factor. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the 9 ways that cytopathic effects and cell death are caused? |
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Definition
1) extensive viral replication & protein synthesis exhausts the cell
2) depletes the cell of nutrients it needs to grow and stay healthy
3) virus disrupts normal structures in cells during productive infection
4) viruses produce their own subcelluar structures to promote replication (poxvirus & viirus factories for example)
5) certain viruses shutoff protiens synthesis (herpes)
6) damage to plasma or nuclear cell membrane by insertion of biral peplomers into these membranes prior of budding
7) damage to lysosomal membranes with release of lipases, proteases, etc (cell will self-digest as a consequence)
8) many viruses induce programmed cell death
9) virus infection induces the inflammasome |
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Term
| Is apoptosis an abnormal or normal cellular process? How can it affect cancer? |
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Definition
-normal
-interferes with the development of cancer |
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Term
| Why is apoptosis important for viruses? (4) |
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Definition
1) can inhibit efficient productive infection
2) interferes with immune recognition
3) promotes persistent or latent infections
4) many viruses encode one or more genes that inhibit apoptosis |
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Term
| Why might inducing apoptosis be advantageous for the late stages ofproductive infection? |
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Definition
-interferes with inflammatory response b/c it does not usually lead to an inflammatory response
-promotes cell-to-cell transmission |
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Term
| What does PAMP stand for? |
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Definition
| -pathogen-associated molecular pattern |
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Term
| What does DMAP stand for? |
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Definition
| -danger-associated molecular patters |
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Term
| What is the IFN inducible protein that is a DNA sensor |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Caspase 1? How is it induced? |
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Definition
-a protease tat activates certain inflammatory cytokines
-induced by inflammasome fomration, NOT APOPTOSIS |
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Term
| What is a virus transformed cell? |
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Definition
| -one that has acquired a different dysregulated growth characteristic as a result of virus infection => can become neoplastic and give rise to neoplasia or tumors |
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Term
| With some viruses, transformation is due to the expression of a viral ______ that is carried in by the virus (how?). The viral products translated from the first blank are the what? |
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Definition
-viral oncogene
-carried in as part of the viral genome
-transforming agents |
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Term
| In addition to viral oncogenes, with other viruses transformaiton is caused by the expresson of ______. How are they activated? |
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Definition
-cellular oncogens
-turned on by the virus hwen it infects the cell |
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Term
| In the case of cellular oncogene viruses, the transforming agents turn on what 4 things? |
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Definition
1) proto-oncogene which regulates cell growth and differentiation
2) tumor suppressor gene
3) gene that regulates apoptosis
4) gene that is necessary for DNA repair |
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Term
| True or False: A tumor is thought to arise from the outgrowth of several cells that all have accumulated multiple genetic mutations in more than one oncogene. |
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Definition
| -FALSE, from a signle cell (monoclonal in origin) |
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Term
| What is the major functional change in virus-transformed cells? |
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Definition
| -greater growth potential (immortal and divide indefinitely) |
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Term
| In addition to increased growth potential, what are some other functional changes in a virus-transformed cell? |
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Definition
-requires less in growth media
-cell membranes may display new surface proteins
-have the capacity to produce malignant tumors when injected into immunosuppressed lab animals
-have chomosomal abnormalities |
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