Term
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Definition
| A national political coalition formed to oppose the Jacksonian Democrats. |
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Definition
Those nationalist members of Congress who strongly supported war with Great Britain on
the eve of the War of 1812; included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. |
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Definition
Essentially, political patronage; public offices went to political supporters during Jackson’s
presidency. |
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Definition
A term used by Jackson’s opponents to describe the state banks that the federal
government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of
the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in
1836. |
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Term
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Definition
The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of
Abominations); states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by
Congress “null and void”; the roots of the idea go back to Jefferson and Madison’s
compact theory of government and are originally spelled out in the Kentucky and Virginia
Resolutions. |
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Definition
a United States policy that sought to insulate the Western Hemisphere from European
intervention. |
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Definition
Compromise worked out by Henry Clay in 1820: slavery would be prohibited in the
Louisiana territory north of 36o30'; Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, Maine
would enter the Union as a free state. |
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Definition
Informal group of friends who advised Jackson during his administration. Jackson
believed that the “official” Cabinet’s main function was to carry out his orders. |
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Definition
The right of the Supreme Court to declare a law passed by Congress unconstitutional; the
principle was established in Marbury v. Madison, but was original sketched out in
Hamilton’s essay #78 in The Federalist Papers |
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Definition
Included roads, canals, railroads; essentially, an internal transportation network that would
bind the country together. |
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Definition
British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the
British navy; a factor in the War of 1812. |
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Definition
Refers to the period after the War of 1812 during the presidency of James Monroe, when
competition among political parties was at a low ebb. |
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Definition
An attempt to withhold good from export in order to influence the policies of the former
purchasers. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and
Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected President by the
House of Representatives in 1824. |
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Definition
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank,
high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in
the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
A tax on imports (also referred to a “duty), taxes on exports are banned by the
Constitution. A “protective” tariff has rates high enough to discourage imports. |
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Term
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Definition
The principle that the national government is legally granted only those powers specifically
delegated in the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
According to the compact theory of the Union the states retained all powers not
specifically delegated to the central government by the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
The structure of the government provided for in the Constitution where authority is divided
between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; idea comes from Montesquieu’s
Spirit of the Laws. |
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Term
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Definition
Constitution is broadly interpreted, recognizing that it could not possibly anticipate all future
developments; relies on the idea of implied powers and the “necessary and proper”
clause. Both views on how to interpret the Constitution came up during the debate on
chartering the Bank of the United States in 1791. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties |
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Term
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Definition
Powers specifically given to Congress in the Constitution; including the power to collect
taxes, coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, and declare war. |
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Term
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Definition
A political system in which the central government is relatively weak and member states
retain considerable sovereignty. |
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Term
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Definition
The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by
voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if
government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority. |
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Term
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Definition
System embodied in the Constitution through which the power of each branch of
government is limited by the other; the President’s authority to veto legislation and
Congress’s power to override that veto are examples. |
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Term
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Definition
Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution
and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James
Monroe, and Patrick Henry. |
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Term
“No taxation
without
representation” |
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Definition
The assertion that Great Britain had no right to tax the American colonies as long as they
did not have their own representatives in the British Parliament. |
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Term
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Definition
General search warrants employed by Britain in an effort to prevent smuggling in the
American colonies. |
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Term
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Definition
Idea that concentrated power leads to corruption and tyranny; emphasis on balanced
government where legislatures check the power of the executive. |
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Term
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Definition
The British argument that the American colonies were represented in Parliament, since
the members of Parliament represented all Englishmen in the empire. |
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Term
Non-importation
agreements |
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Definition
A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British
goods. |
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Term
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Definition
Those rights that the Enlightenment (and Jefferson’s Declaration) saw as inherent for all
humans and that government is not justified in violating. |
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Term
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Definition
Also known as Tories, the term refers to those Americans who remained loyal to Great
Britain during the Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
A measure that raised revenue through the regulation of trade--the Sugar Act, for
example. |
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Term
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Definition
| A European intellectual movement that stressed the use of human reason. |
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Term
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Definition
British-imposed tax directly on the colonies that was intended to raise revenue; the Stamp
act was the first attempt by Parliament to impose a direct tax on the colonies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation. |
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Term
Committees of
Correspondence |
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Definition
First established in Boston in 1772, the committees became a way for the colonies to state
and communicate their grievances against Great Britain. |
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Term
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Definition
| called for a two-house Congress with each state's representation based on state population |
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Term
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Definition
| called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation |
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Term
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Definition
| called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied, and is also known as the Compromise Plan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state population. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed in a strong central government, a strong army, industry, and loose interpretation of the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation |
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Term
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Definition
| This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leading Federalist, he supported industry and strong central government. He created the National Bank and managed to pay off the U.S.'s early debts through tariffs and the excise tax on whiskey. |
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Term
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Definition
| an American delegate who signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783, helped write federalist papers. |
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Term
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Definition
| His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution. He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guarantee basic individual rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created the federal court system, allowed the president to create federal courts and to appoint judges. |
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Term
| Bank of the United States |
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Definition
| Part of Hamilton's Plan, it would save the government's surplus money until it was needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loose interpretation allows the government to do anything which the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from doing. |
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Term
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Definition
| This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. |
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Term
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Definition
| British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. |
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Term
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Definition
| Edmond Charles Genêt. A French diplomat who came to the U.S. 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. President Washington asked France to recall Genêt after Genêt began recruiting men and arming ships in U.S. ports. However, Washington later relented and allowed Genêt U.S. citizenship upon learning that the new French government planned to arrest Genêt. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, |
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Term
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Definition
| A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the second President of the United States. |
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Term
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Definition
| This pary's leaders were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, It favored state banks and little industry. It felt that France was the U.S.'s most important ally. |
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Term
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Definition
| These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. |
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Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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Definition
| Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket. |
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Term
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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Definition
First time an act of Congress is declared
unconstitutional; established the principle of judicial
review. |
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Term
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Definition
First time a state law is declared unconstitutional;
contract clause of the Constitution overrode state law. |
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Term
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) |
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Definition
The charter of a private corporation is protected under
the Constitution. |
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Term
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
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Definition
Upheld constitutionality of the Bank of the United
States; example of loose construction of the
Constitution (favored by the Federalists). |
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Term
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Definition
Affirmed federal control of interstate commerce
under commerce clause of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced the number of seats on the Supreme Court from 6 to 5, effective upon the next vacancy in the Court. No such vacancy occurred during the brief period the Act was in effect, so the size of the Court remained unchanged. |
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Term
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Definition
| On his last day in office, President Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges to the federal courts in an effort to maintain Federalist control of the government. (The Federalists had lost the presidency and much of Congress to the Republicans.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast. |
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Definition
| This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered. |
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Term
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Definition
| A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as Sen. John C. Calhoun was the representative of the South in that time. |
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Term
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Definition
| saw Fort McHenry hold out during the night against a British attack. He wrote the poem "Star Spangled Banner" about the experience of seeing the U.S. flag still flying above the fort in the morning, and the poem was later set to the tune of an old English bar song. |
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Term
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Definition
| great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war |
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Term
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Definition
| December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. |
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Term
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Definition
| December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. This Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border. |
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Term
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Definition
| Francis Cabot Lowell established a factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. |
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Term
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Definition
| a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes. The canal was approved in 1817 with the support of New York's Governor, Dewitt Clinton. Along with the Cumberland Road, it helped connect the North and the West. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spain gave up Florida to the U.S. and the U.S./Mexico border was set so that Texas and the American Southwest would be part of Mexico. |
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Term
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Definition
| Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote some of the first dictionaries and spellers in the U.S. His books, which became the standard for the U.S., promoted American spellings and pronunciations, rather than British. |
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Term
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Definition
| Author, diplomat. Wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer. |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote Last of the Mohicans and The Spy, and The Pioneers |
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Term
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Definition
| After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's. |
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Term
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Definition
| A minority of the Cherokee tribe, despite the protest of the majority, had surrendered their Georgia land in the 1835 Treaty of New Echota. During the winter of 1838 - 1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their homes in Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma Indian country. |
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Term
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Definition
| "To the victor go the spoils" - the winner of the election may do whatever they want with the staff. Jackson made more staff changes than any previous president, firing many people and replacing them with his own. |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs. |
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Term
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Definition
| ver an 1830 bill by Samuel A. Foote to limit the sale of public lands in the west to new settlers. Daniel Webster, in a dramatic speech, showed the danger of the states' rights doctrine, which permitted each state to decide for itself which laws were unconstitutional, claiming it would lead to civil war. States' rights (South) vs. nationalism (North). |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that federal government should have its own treasury; never put into practice. |
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Term
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Definition
| forbids the government from doing anything except what the Constitution specifically empowers it to do. |
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