Term
| In naming a muscle, the (prefix/suffix) describes the origin and the (prefix/suffix) describes the insertion. |
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Definition
- prefix describes origin
- suffix describes insertion |
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Term
| Is the transverse plane of a limb parallel to the transverse plane of the spine? |
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Definition
- NO
- transverse planes are planes the transects the long axis
- the long axis of a limb is diff from the long axis of the spine (see lec 1 slides) |
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Term
| Is the transverse plane of the cervical spine parallel to the transverse plane of the lumbar spine? |
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Definition
- NO
- cervical spine curves, planes are not parallel (see lec 1 slides) |
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Term
| What is the term rostral used for? |
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Definition
- used to describe structures of the head only
- it means nearer to the tip of the nose |
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Term
| What are the terms anterior/posterior and superior/inferior used for in vet med? |
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Definition
| - only for certain structures of the ear and eye |
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Term
| In describing the foot of a thoracic limb (distal to the antebrachial carpal joint), what directional terms should be used? What about in a pelvic limb? |
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Definition
thoracic limb - dorsal, palmar
pelvic limb - dorsal, plantar |
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Term
| In describing an area of a limb proximal to the tarsocrural joint, what directional terms should be used? |
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Definition
cranial and caudal
(this applies for both the thoracic and pelvic limbs) |
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Term
| What is the definition of pronation? Of suppination? |
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Definition
- pronation is rotation of a limb so that palmar or plantar surfaces faces ventral
- suppination is rotation of limb so that palmar or plantar surfaces faces up ("soup-inate) |
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Term
| What is the mathematical equation that was given for speed? |
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Definition
| speed = stride length x stride rate |
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Term
| Name 3 adaptations that improve speed. |
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Definition
- muscle mass is more proximal on the limbs: this increases frequency of oscillation, increases speed
- longer limbs: this increases stride length --> increase speed
- disproportional growth of distal bones (ex. horses are unguligrade): this increases stride distance and oscillation rate
- narrowing of thoracic cavity, loss of clavicle: freer movement of scapula and thoracic limb
- flexibility of spine (ex cheetah)
- torque and range of limb movement |
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Term
| Name an example of an animal that is plantigrade. Digitigrade? Unguligrade? |
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Definition
- plantigrade - humans, beavers
- digitigrade - dogs, cats
- unguligrade - horses |
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Term
| What are some common traits that define the origin of a muscle? |
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Definition
- usually has no tendon (if does, is short)
- is most proximal attachment of muscle
- the least moveable part of muscle
- may be an aponeurotic tendon |
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Term
| What are some common traits of an insertion of a muscle? |
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Definition
- usually has a tendon
- most distal attachemnt
- most moveable part
- may be an aponeurotic tendon |
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Term
| In general, if you have more digits, what will happen to the distal tendons? |
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Definition
| - they will split to support more digits |
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Term
| Which digit is in contact with the ground in a horse (which one does it walk on?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Does a horse have an ulna? |
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Definition
| - not as a separate bone, but it has a remnant of the distal end of the ulna that is fused with the radius as the lateral styloid process |
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Term
| What are the two functions of the musculoskeletal system? |
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Definition
- support of the body
- locomotion |
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