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401A - K9 Anatomy lab
Axial and appendicular skeleton
62
Anatomy
Professional
10/04/2010

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Cards

Term
What is the vertebral formula for the dog?
Definition
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd20
Term
What are 5 types of vertebra in the vertebral column?
Definition
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal
Term
What is the vertebral formula for the horse?
Definition
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-21
Term
What comprises the axial skeleton?
Definition
vertebral column, ribs, sternum, skull
Term
What comprises the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
Bones of the limbs
Term
The os penis belongs to which type of skeleton?
Definition
Heterotopic skeleton
Term
What is the function of the ventral crest?
Definition
attachment of ventral longitudinal ligament
Term
What is the function of the dorsal surface?
Definition
attachment of dorsal longitudinal ligament
Term
What makes up the arch?
Definition
2 lamina + 2 pedicles
Term
What is the lamina?
Definition
- dorsal part of arch
- contains the spinous process
Term
What are the pedicles?
Definition
- lateral part of arch
- contain the articular processes (4)
- form the cranial and caudal vertebral notch
Term
What are the cranial and caudal vertebral notches for?
Definition
when 2 adjacent vertebrae articulated, these form the intervertebral foramina
Term
What do the intervertebral foramina do?
Definition
allow for passage of spinal nerves and vessels
Term
What are the transverse processes (2) ?
Definition
- project laterally from 2 roots (1 from arch and 1 from body)
- contain the transverse foramina
Term
What does the transverse foramen do?
What is it formed by?
In which vertebrae is it seen?
Definition
- accomodates passage of vertebral vessels and nerve
- formed between 2 roots of transverse process
- present only on cervical vertebrae (except C7!)
Term
How is the vertebral canal formed?
Definition
formed when the vertebrae are articulated, all the vertebral foramena together form the vertebral canal
Term
What is the atlas? Describe it.
Definition
C1, reduced body and no spinous process
Term
What is the function of the cranial articular fovea of the atlas?
Definition
receive that occipital condyles
Term
What is the function of the lateral vertebral foramen?
Definition
accomodates passage of vertebral vessels and first cervical nerve
Term
What is the function of the ventral tubercle of atlas?
Definition
insertion of longus colli tendon
Term
What is the fovea dentis (fovea of the dens)?
Definition
articular surface for the dens of the axis
Term
What is the dens? Which vertebra is it located on?
Definition
- located on the Axis
- articulates with the fovea dentis on the Atlas
- flanked by cranial articular processes (2)
Term
Describe the spinous process of the axis.
Definition
very large, contains 2 caudal articular processes
Term
What is the caudal costal fovea of C7?
Definition
unique to this cervical vertebrae, place for the first rib to attach
Term
C7 - characteristics
Definition
- has no transverse foramena, unlike other cervical vertebrae
- has a caudal costal fovea for attachment of the first rib
Term
What is the purpose of the cranial and caudal costal fovea of the thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
when articulated with adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral discs, form sockets for the heads of ribs
Term
What is the purpose of the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
each has a facet for articulation with the tubercle of the corresponding rib
Term
What is special about T11?
Definition
anticlinal vertebrae in dogs and cats - spinous process is vertical compared with the inclined processes of vertebrae cranial to it

In horses, the anticlinal vertebra is T16
Term
What constitutes the bony thorax?
Definition
thoracic vertebrae + ribs (L and R) + sternabrae
Term
How many pairs of ribs in a dog? In a horse?
Definition
Dog - 13 pairs of ribs
Horse - 18 pairs of ribs

* both correspond to the number of thoracic vertebrae
Term
How many vertebrae does each rib articulate with?
Definition
TWO!
- a cranial vertebra and a caudal vertebra
- ribs are numbered according to the caudal vertebra with which they articulate
Term
How are ribs numbered?
Definition
The rib number corresponds with the caudal vertebra with which it articulates (the vertebra the tubercle of the rib attaches to)
Term
What are "true" ribs?

How many are there in the dog? In the horse?
Definition
- aka sternal ribs
- these are ribs which have cartilage that articulates with the sternum

Dog/cat - 9 pairs
Horse - 8 pairs
Term
What are "false" ribs?

How many are there in the dog? In the horse?
Definition
- aka asternal ribs
- ribs which have cartilage that does NOT articulate with the sternum. They still have cartilage!

Dog/cat - 4 pairs
Horse - 10 pairs
Term
What is a "floating rib"?

How many in the dog? In the horse?
Definition
- a rib whose cartilage does NOT attach to adjacent cartilage (T10-12 have cartilage that attaches to one another)
- they are a type of false (asternal) rib

Dog/cat - ONE pair
Horse - maybe 1 pair
Term
What does the head of a rib articulate with?
Definition
- with TWO vertebra, one cranial and one caudal
- articulates with the cranial/caudal costal fovea of these vertebrae
Term
What does the tubercle of a rib articulate with?
Definition
- the transverse process of the caudal vertebrae with which it is articulated
Term
What is the manubrium?
Definition
The first sternal bone (sternebra). It articulates with the cartilage from rib#1
Term
What is the xyphoid process?
Definition
The last (8th) sternebra.
Term
What direction do the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae project?
Definition
cranioventrally! - this will help to identify them
Term
Describe the sacrum.
Definition
- Three sacral vertebrae fused to form the sacrum in the adult.
- Have dorsal and pelvic sacral foramina (equivalent to the intervertebral foramina seen in rest of vertebral column)
- Has wings on the base (face cranially)
Term
What are the wings of the base of the sacrum for?
Definition
They articulate with the ileum
Term
Does a dog have a clavicle?
Definition
NO! Cats have clavicles, dogs and horses may have a clavicular remnant.
Term
What is a difference in the scapula of a dog and a horse?
Definition
A dog scapula has a spine with an acromion. A horse has a tuber spinae and NO acromion.
Term
What is special about a cat scapula?
Definition
Their acromion has two parts: suprahamate and hamate.
Term
What are the two 'surfaces' on the medial portion of a scapula?
Definition
- serrated face
- subscapular fossa
Term
What is the function of the glenoid tubercle of the scapula?
Definition
- "socket" portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint
- articulates with humerus
Term
What are the three "angles" of the scapula/
Definition
cranial, caudal, and ventral
Term
What are the three "borders" of the scapula?
Definition
dorsal, cranial, and caudal
Term
On the right limb of a dog, the fossa most caudal on the scapula is the..
Definition
infraspinous fossa
Term
On the left limb of a dog, the fossa most cranial on the scapula is the...
Definition
supraspinous fossa
Term
The groove in between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is called...
Definition
the intertubercular sulcus
Term
What is the intermediate tubercle?
Definition
- Present only in the horse! Projects cranially (on opposite side of the head of the humerus).
Term
On which species would you find the supracondylar foramen?
Definition
cat
Term
The foramen on the distal extremity of the humerus of a dog is called the...
Definition
supratrochlear foramen

(on a cat this would be the supracondylar foramen)
Term
In general, the origin of a muscle is the more ____________ point of muscle attachment.
Definition
fixed
Term
In general, the insertion of a muscle is the more ____________ point of muscle attachment.
Definition
movable
Term
A ligament connects ______ to _______.
Definition
a ligament connects bone to bone
Term
A tendon connects _____ to ______.
Definition
tendon connects muscle to bone
Term
In general, what is an aponeurosis?
Definition
A flat, sheetlike tendinous attachment of muscle.
Term
Where do the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb originate and insert?
Definition
- Originate on the neck or thorax
- insert on the shoulder or brachium
Term
the origin and insertion of the superficial pectoral muscles are:
Definition
origin = ..
insertion = crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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