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| Idea that all peoples' identities are defined by their connection with a nation and that it is to this nation they owe their primary loyalty as opposed to their king or local lord. |
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| Ideology based in the writings of the philosophers of the Enlightenment. Emphasized individual natural rights, constitutions, and formation of parliamentary bodies. |
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| Hungarians in the Austrian Empire who demanded more liberties in 1848, but were eventually put down by military force in 1849. |
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| Conservatism (19th c. Europe) |
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| Ideology that viewed the principle of the rights of man and natural law as dangerous to social order. Emphasized role of tradition and believed in slow change over time. (Ex: Edmund Burke) |
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| A conservative politician and statesman from Austria. Known for his important role in the Congress of Vienna. |
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| German student societies dedicated to promoting the goal of a free and united Germany. |
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| Eliminated in 1846 - had imposed high tariffs on imported grain to ensure the wealth of domestic growers. Eliminated as a result of the Irish Potato Famine. |
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| 1819 - Soldiers shot 11 members of a largely peaceful crowd in Manchester. Led to the Six Acts - which banned demonstrations and imposed censorship. |
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| King of France before and after Napoleon's return from exile. Ruled France as a constitutional monarchy. |
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| Working-class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848. Concerned with suffrage. |
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| he balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914). Also known as the Congress System. |
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| he balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914). Also known as the Concert of Europe. |
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| 1820 - Declaration of Quintuple Alliance (France, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia) of intention to take collective action against revolution, |
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| Castleraegh's successor as British Prime Minister. Was considered more liberal, focused on commerce and broke from Holy Alliance. |
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| Bourbon King of Spain who was restored to the throne after Napoleon's defeat. Initially he agreed to govern according to a written constitution but later he dissolved the Cortes and ruled alone. By 1820 a rebllion broke out in opposition to his rule and Ferdinand VII was forced to follow the provisions of the constitution |
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| (b. 1743 - d. 1803) Leader of Haitian revolutions |
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| members of Latin American society who were born in Spain and possessed special privileges. |
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| The general of the Rio de la Plata forces. He led his forces over the Andes Mountains and occupied Santiago. He also helped drive royalist forces from Lima and became the Protector of Peru. |
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| Venezuelan revolutionary. A staunch republican who denounced monarchial rule in the new states. He eventually went into exile and let Peru fall into confusion. Teamed up with San Martin to form a liberating army to oppose Spanish forces. |
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| Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla |
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| Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. |
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| Installed by Joao VI as the regent in Brazil. He embraced the cause of Brazilian independence. He became emperor of Brazil. |
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| Refusal of soldiers within the Russian army, who refused to loyalty to Nicholas I when he assumed the throne. Nicholas put the uprising down quickly and brutally. |
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| (r. 1825 - 1855) - Czar of Russia. Assumed throne after death of brother, Alexander I. Put down the Decembrist revolt in 1825. |
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| (r. 1824 - 183) Succeeded Louis XVIII as the king of France. A staunch absolutist, he initiated a number of reactionary policies to favor the aristocracy. He had the Chamber of Deputies compensate aristocrats who had lost their lands in the revolution. |
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| The French regime of Louis Philippe. Set up after the overthrow of the Bourbons in July 1830. |
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| European powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium and confirmed the independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. Article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral, and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion. |
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| Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. He campaigned for Catholic Emancipation—including the right for Catholics to sit in the Westminster Parliament. |
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| 1832 - passed in Great Britain. expanded the electorate to include those who had become wealthy as a result of industrialization (still not universal suffrage). Showed political reform was possible without the violence that had been seen in France. |
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