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32-36 test
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181
History
11th Grade
03/24/2010
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Term
Business people used the “Red Scare”
 Definition
to break the backs of fledgling unions.
Term
The most tenacious pursuer of “radical” elements during the “Red Scare
 Definition
A. Mitchell Palmer.
Term
The post-World War I Ku Klux Klan advocated
 Definition
fundamentalist religion, opposition to birth control, repression of pacifists, and anti-Catholicism.
Term
The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s
 Definition
was a reaction against the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.
Term
Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result
 Definition
of the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans
Term
The Immigration Act of 1924 was formulated
 Definition
to impose immigration quotas based on nationality.
Term
Generally, the immigration quota system adopted in the 1920s
 Definition
tended to discriminate against Jews.
Term
To achieve class and political solidarity
 Definition
1. , immigrant workers primarily had to overcome
ethnic diversity.
Term
Enforcement of the Volstead Act
 Definition
met the strongest resistance
from eastern city dwellers.
Term
The first Polish immigrants to come to America
 Definition
arrived at Jamestown in 1608
Term
Most Americans assumed
 Definition
that prohibition would be permanent.
Term
The most spectacular example of lawlessness in the
 Definition
1920s was Chicago
Term
John Dewey can rightly be called
 Definition
the “father of progressive education.”
Term
According to John Dewey
 Definition
a teacher’s primary goal is to educate a student for life.
Term
The trial of John Scopes in 1925 centered
 Definition
on the issue of teaching evolution in public schools.
Term
After the Scopes “Monkey Trial,”
 Definition
fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force
in American spiritual life.
Term
The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s
 Definition
involved developing a
market of people to buy their products.
Term
The prosperity that developed in the 1920s
 Definition
helped to accumulate a cloud of debt.
Term
The central character in Bruce Barton’s The Man Nobody Knows
 Definition
was Jesus Christ.
Term
Henry Ford’s contribution to the automobile industry
 Definition
was relatively cheap automobiles.
Term
Frederick W. Taylor, a prominent inventor and engineer
 Definition
, was best known for his efforts
to promote efficiency by eliminating wasted motions.
Term
Before the automobile
 Definition
the steel industry dominated the American economy.
Term
The automobile revolution resulted in
 Definition
the consolidation of schools, the spread of suburbs,
a loss of population in less attractive states, and altered youthful sexual behavior.
Term
One complaint lodged by the U.S. Immigration Commission against Polish immigrants
 Definition
was that they sent too much money home.
Term
The first “talkie” motion picture
 Definition
was The Jazz Singer.
Term
With the advent of radio and motion pictures,
 Definition
much of the rich diversity of immigrant
culture was lost.
Term
Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures contributed to
 Definition
the standardization of American
life.
Term
The 1920 census revealed that for the first time
 Definition
most Americans lived in cities.
Term
Margaret Sanger was most noted for
 Definition
her advocacy of birth control.
Term
Job opportunities for women in the 1920s tended to
 Definition
cluster in a few low-paying fields.
Term
To justify their new sexual frankness
 Definition
, many Americans cited the theories of Sigmund
Freud.
Term
Jazz music was developed by
 Definition
American blacks.
Term
Buying stock “on margin” meant
 Definition
making only a small down payment.
Term
During Andrew Mellon’s long tenure as Secretary of the Treasury
 Definition
his policies lowered
the national debt.
Term
As Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon
 Definition
placed the tax burden on the middle-
income groups.
Term
The “noble experiment” of prohibition
 Definition
reduced absenteeism in American industry and encouraged organized crime and gang warfare.
Term
The most innovative features of the jazz-age economy
 Definition
were mass advertising and installment buying.
Term
The mass production of automobiles in the 1920s
 Definition
led to the growth of the petroleum industry, suburban communities, installment buying, and lifestyle changes.
Term
Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding
 Definition
hoped to encourage the
government to guide business along the path to profits.
Term
During the 1920s, the Supreme Court often
 Definition
ruled against progressive legislation.
Term
Organized labor was adversely affected by
 Definition
the demobilization policies adopted by the federal government at the end of World War I.
Term
The Supreme Court cases of Muller and Adkins
 Definition
centered on the question of whether women merited special legal and social treatment.
Term
The nonbusiness group that realized the most significant, lasting gains from World War I
 Definition
was women.
Term
Despit President Warren G. Harding’s policy of isolationism,
 Definition
the United States became involved in the Middle East to secure oil-drilling concessions for American companies.
Term
1. Warren G. Harding was willing to seize the initiative on the issue of international
disarmament
 Definition
because business people were unwilling to help pay for a larger United States Navy.
Term
The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
 Definition
1. outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry.
Term
The Teapot Dome scandal
 Definition
1. involved the mishandling of naval oil reserves.
Term
The major political scandal of Harding’s
 Definition
1. administration resulted in the conviction and imprisonment of his secretary of the interior.
Term
During Coolidge’s presidency
 Definition
government policy was set largely by the interests and values of the business community.
Term
After the initial shock of the Harding scandals
 Definition
many Americans reacted by excusing some of the wrongdoers on the grounds that “they had gotten away with it.”
Term
One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s
 Definition
was overproduction.
Term
In the mid-1920s President Coolidge
 Definition
twice refused to sign legislation proposing to subsidize farm prices.
Term
Bob La Follette’s Progressive party advocated
 Definition
1. government ownership of railroads, relief for farmers, opposition to anti-labor injunctions, and opposition to monopolies.
Term
In 1924 the Democratic party convention came within a single vote
 Definition
1. of adopting a resolution condemning the Ku Klux Klan.
Term
The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election
 Definition
1. because too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform.
Term
1. In the early 1920s, the United States’ armed intervention in the Caribbean and Central
America
 Definition
was a glaring exception to its general indifference to the outside world.
Term
As a result of America’s insistence that war debts be repaid
 Definition
the French and British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany.
Term
America’s major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by
 Definition
the Dawes Plan, which tried to solve the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments.
Term
The most colorful presidential candidate of the 1920s was
 Definition
1. Alfred E. Smith.
Term
Alfred E. Smith’s political liabilities were
 Definition
1. his Catholic religion, his support for the repeal of prohibition, his big-city background, and his radio speaking skill.
Term
One of Herbert Hoover’s chief strengths as a presidential candidate
 Definition
was his talent for administration
Term
When elected to the presidency in 1928
 Definition
Herbert Hoover was a millionaire.
Term
The Federal Farm Board, created by the Agricultural Marketing Act
 Definition
1. lent money to farmers primarily to help them to organize producers’ cooperatives.
Term
, As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930
 Definition
the worldwide depression deepened.
Term
In America, the Great Depression caused
 Definition
1. a decade-long decline in the birthrate.
Term
President Hoover’s approach to the Great Depression was
 Definition
to adopt unprecedented federal initiatives to combat it.
Term
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was
 Definition
1. an “alphabetical agency” set up under Hoover’s administration to bring the government into the anti-depression effort.
Term
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established
 Definition
1. to make loans to businesses,banks, and state and local governments.
Term
The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in
 Definition
1932 to demand immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.
Term
President Hoover’s public image was severely damaged by
 Definition
1. his handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army.
Term
In response to the League of Nations’ investigation into Japan’s invasion and occupation of Manchuria
 Definition
Japan left the League.
Term
The 1932 Stimson doctrine declared that
 Definition
1. the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms.
Term
At the 1921-1922 Washington Conference
 Definition
1. the major signatories agreed to limit the size of their naval forces and preserve the status quo in the Pacific.
Term
1. The high government officials involved in scandals during the Harding administration were
 Definition
Charles Forbes, Albert Fall, and Harry Daugherty.
Term
The causes of the Great Depression included:
 Definition
1. agricultural overproduction, unequal distribution of wealth, overextension of credit, anemic foreign trade, and farm disasters and debt.
Term
President Hoover supported the following anti-depression measures:
 Definition
1. federal government loans to banks, corporations, and local governments and federally financed public works projects.
Term
Eleanor Roosevelt.
 Definition
The “champion of the dispossessed”---that is, the poor and minorities---in the 1930s
Term
The 1932 Democratic Party platform
 Definition
1. called for repeal of prohibition.
Term
In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned
 Definition
1. on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.
Term
The phrase “Hundred Days” refers to
 Definition
1. the first months of Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency.
Term
One striking feature of the 1932 presidential election was
 Definition
1. that African-Americans became a vital element in the Democratic Party.
Term
When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933
 Definition
1. , he received unprecedented congressional support.
Term
The Glass-Steagall Act created
 Definition
1. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.
Term
The most pressing problem facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president
 Definition
1. was unemployment.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt’s “managed currency” aimed to
 Definition
1. stimulate inflation.
Term
President Roosevelt’s chief “administrator of relief”
 Definition
1. was Harry Hopkins.
Term
Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained national popularity
 Definition
1. by promising to give every family $5,000.
Term
The National Recovery Act (NRA) began to fail because
 Definition
1. it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.
Term
The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed
 Definition
1. to solve the “farm problem” by reducing agricultural production.
Term
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s was brought on
 Definition
by dry-farming techniques, drought, wind, and soil erosion.
Term
In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration
 Definition
1. to move farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl to better land.
Term
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
 Definition
1. attempted to reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society.
Term
Most Dust Bowl migrants headed
 Definition
to California.
Term
Most “Okies” in California escaped
 Definition
1. the deprivation and uncertainty of seasonal farm labor when they found jobs in defense industries during World War II.
Term
The Federal Securities Act aimed to
 Definition
1. force stock promoters to give investors information regarding the soundness of their stocks.
Term
New Dealers argued that their multi-front war on the Depression
 Definition
primarily sought to provide relief.
Term
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
 Definition
1. drew criticism because it aroused fears of creeping socialism.
Term
The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was
 Definition
its plans concerning electrical power.
Term
The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be
 Definition
1. a trailblazing law that gave labor the right to bargain collectively.
Term
The National Labor Relations Act proved
 Definition
most beneficial to unskilled workers.
Term
The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations was
 Definition
1. the organization of all workers within an industry.
Term
The 1936 election was made notable by
 Definition
the bitter class struggle between the poor and the rich.
Term
President Roosevelt’s “Court-packing” scheme in 1937
 Definition
1. reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court more sympathetic to New Deal programs.
Term
After Franklin Roosevelt’s failed attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court
 Definition
the Court began to support New Deal programs.
Term
As a result of the 1937 “Roosevelt recession,”
 Definition
1. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.
Term
During the 1930s,
 Definition
1. the national debt doubled.
Term
Many economists believe that the New Deal
 Definition
1. could have cured the ills of the Depression by engaging in greater deficit spending.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt’s new Deal programs
 Definition
1. did not end the Depression.
Term
Before he was elected president in 1932
 Definition
1. Franklin Roosevelt had at one time been governor of New York, nominated for vice president, and an assistant secretary of the navy.
Term
Generally, Franklin Roosevelt was
 Definition
optimistic, prone to act on intuition, and willing to experiment.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt’s reelection in 1936 was
 Definition
1. ensured by his strong support from blacks, labor unions, and Catholics.
Term
During President Franklin Roosevelt’s second term
 Definition
the Supreme Court became more liberal and Congress grew more conservative.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt refused to support the London Economic Conference
 Definition
1. because any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America’s recovery from depression.
Term
As a result of Franklin Roosevelt’s unwillingness to support the London Conference
 Definition
1. the trend towards extreme nationalism was strengthened.
Term
One internationalist action by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first term in office was
 Definition
Term
 Definition
1. the formal recognition of the Soviet Union.
Term
Roosevelt’s recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken
 Definition
1. partly in hopes of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.
Term
In promising to grant the Philippines independence
 Definition
1. the United States was motivated by the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.
Term
As part of his Good neighbor policy toward Latin America
 Definition
President Roosevelt withdrew American marines from Haiti.
Term
The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
 Definition
1. increased America’s foreign trade.
Term
President Franklin Roosevelt’s foreign-trade policy
 Definition
1. lowered tariffs to increase trade
Term
By the mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for a constitutional amendment
 Definition
1. to forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum.
Term
From 1925 to 1940 the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence:
 Definition
1. embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease.
Term
America’s neutrality during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939
 Definition
1. allowed Spain to become a fascist dictatorship.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt’s sensational “Quarantine Speech”
 Definition
1. resulted in a wave of protest by isolationists.
Term
In September 1938 in Munich, Germany, Britain and France
 Definition
consented to Germany’s taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
Term
In 1938 the British and French bought peace with Hitler
 Definition
1. at the Munich Conference at the expense of Czechoslovakia.
Term
Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union
 Definition
Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.
Term
The first casualty of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin non-aggression treaty
 Definition
1. was Poland.
Term
The U.S. military refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers such as those at Auschwitz and Dachau
 Definition
1. because of the belief that bombing would divert essential military resources.
Term
During Work War II
 Definition
, the United States saved only a small number of Jews from Nazism.
Term
Congress’s first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940
 Definition
1. was to pass a conscription law.
Term
America’s neutrality effectively ended
 Definition
1. when France fell to Germany.
Term
In return for old American destroyers
 Definition
1. the British gave the United States eight valuable naval bases.
Term
By 1940 American public opinion began to favor
 Definition
1. providing Britain with “all aid short of war.”
Term
The Republican presidential nominee in 1940
 Definition
1. was Wendell L. Willkie.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly
 Definition
1. by his belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.
Term
When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941
 Definition
the United States made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.
Term
The Atlantic Charter, developed by the United States and Britain
 Definition
was also endorsed by the Soviet Union.
Term
After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk,
 Definition
1. Congress allowed the arming of United States merchant vessels.
Term
Japan believed that it was forced into war with the United States
 Definition
because Franklin Roosevelt insisted that Japan leave China
Term
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great
 Definition
1. surprise because President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaya or the Philippines.
Term
On the eve of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor
 Definition
a large majority of Americans still wanted to keep the United States out of war
Term
As World War II began for the United States in 1941
 Definition
President Roosevelt decided to concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war on hold.
Term
Once at war, America’s first great challenge was
 Definition
1. to retool its industry for all-out war production.
Term
Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II were
 Definition
1. further assimilated into American society.
Term
Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II
 Definition
1. as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.
Term
The minority group most adversely affected by Washington’s wartime policies
 Definition
was Japanese-Americans.
Term
In the 1800s the Japanese government drove many Japanese farmers off their land
 Definition
1. by imposing a steep land tax.
Term
In the period from 1885 to 1924
 Definition
1. , Japanese immigrants to the United States were select representatives of their nation.
Term
When the United States entered World War II in December 1941
 Definition
a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.
Term
During World War II, the United States government
 Definition
1. commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.
Term
While American workers, on the whole, were committed to the war effort
 Definition
1. several unions went on strike. The most prominent was the United Mine Workers.
Term
During World War II, labor unions
 Definition
1. substantially increased their membership.
Term
The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II
 Definition
1. led to the establishment of day-care centers by the government.
Term
The main reason the majority of women war workers left the labor force at the end of WWII was
 Definition
1. family obligations.
Term
Big government intervention received its greatest boost
 Definition
1. from World War II.
Term
The northward migration of African-Americans
 Definition
1. accelerated after World War II because mechanical cotton pickers came into use.
Term
During World War II
 Definition
American Indians moved off reservations in large numbers.
Term
By the end of World War II,
 Definition
1. the heart of the United States’ African-American community had shifted to northern cities.
Term
The national debt
 Definition
1. increased most during World War II.
Term
Most of the money raised to finance World War II
 Definition
1. came through borrowing.
Term
The first naval battle in history in which all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was
 Definition
1. the Battle of the Coral Sea.
Term
The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was
 Definition
1. turned following the Battle of Midway.
Term
The Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942
 Definition
1. in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they overextended themselves instead of digging in and consolidating their gains.
Term
In waging war against Japan
 Definition
1. the United States relied mainly on a strategy of “island hopping” across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.
Term
The conquest of Guam was especially important
 Definition
1. because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.
Term
Hitler’s advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942
 Definition
1. at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which his fortunes gradually declined.
Term
The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe
 Definition
1. until 1944 because of British reluctance and lack of adequate shipping.
Term
The Allied demand for unconditional surrender
 Definition
1. was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a surrender demand would encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible.
Term
The major consequence of the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943
 Definition
1. was the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy’s unconditional surrender.
Term
After the Italian surrender in August 1943
 Definition
1. the German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.
Term
The real impact of the Italian front on World War II
 Definition
1. may have been that it delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.
Term
At the wartime Teheran Conference
 Definition
plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.
Term
The cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in
 Definition
1. Europe was commanded by General Dwight Eisenhower.
Term
In a sense, Franklin Roosevelt
 Definition
1. was the “forgotten man” at the Democratic Convention in 1944 because so much attention was focused on who would gain the vice presidency.
Term
Franklin Roosevelt won the election in 1944
 Definition
1. primarily because the war was going well.
Term
Action by the United States against Adolf Hitler’s campaign of genocide against the Jews was
 Definition
1. reprehensibly slow in coming.
Term
As a result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf
 Definition
Japan was finished as a naval power.
Term
The Potsdam conference
 Definition
1. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.
Term
The “unconditional surrender” policy toward Japan
 Definition
1. was modified by agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.
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