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2nd part of Ch.3
Marieb's Human A&P
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/30/2011

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Term
DNA helicase
Definition
breaks apart strands of DNA
Term
DNA ligase
Definition
put together bits of DNA strands
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
builds new DNA strands
Term
G0 phase
Definition
cells that reach adult stage and permanently stop dividing end in G0 phase
Term
G1 phase
Definition
gap 1 phase, cell grows vigorously, all organelles except DNA divide and grow
Term
G2 phase
Definition
gap 2 phase, cell prepares to divide
Term
S phase
Definition
synthetic phase, DNA replication
Term
anaphase
Definition
replicated chromosomes split and pulled towards the poles of the cell
Term
centrisome function
Definition
organize the mitotic spindle and form the base of cilia and flagella
Term
centrisome structure
Definition
2 centrioles both with 9 microtubules
Term
chromatin
Definition
strands of DNA and protein that wrap around histones to form chromosomes
Term
cilia
Definition
short, hairlike extensions, whiplike extensions that move cell
Term
codon
Definition
3 nucleotides of DNA or mRNA that code for 1 amino acid
Term
contact inhibitition
Definition
when cells touch each other it is a sign to stop reproducing
Term
cyclins
Definition
enzymes that tell a cell to reproduce
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of the cytoplasm
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
inside of cell membrane and outside of nucleus
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
series of rods running through the cell to give it structure and support
Term
cytosol
Definition
cell fluid, part of the cytoplasm
Term
flagella
Definition
single, longer whiplike extension that propels the cell
Term
genetic theory
Definition
aging is programmed into our genes, improper functioning of the immune system
Term
golgi apparatus function
Definition
process, package and secrete proteins
Term
golgi apparatus structure
Definition
stacked in flattened membranous sacs, proteins come in the cis face and leave the trans face
Term
immediate filaments
Definition
tough, insoluble protein filaments that resist pulling on cells and attach to desmosomes
Term
interphase
Definition
cell growth and preparation for division, G1, S, G2 phases are part of interphase
Term
lysosome function
Definition
to lyse things, or eat them
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromosomes line up at exact center, centromeres aligned
Term
microfilaments
Definition
small actin strands, attached to cytoplasm side of plasma membrane, adds to motility, cell shape and endo- and exo- cytosis
Term
microtubules
Definition
largest, hollow tubes, radiate from the centrosomes and move DNA in cell division, determine shape of the cell
Term
microvilli
Definition
fingerlike extensions, caused by folding of the plasma membrane to increase surface area
Term
mitochondria fxn
Definition
produces ATP
Term
mitochondria structure
Definition
outer membrane is a phospholiipid bilayer, inner layer is a highly folded membrane called the cristae, with an intermembrane space in between the membranes, in between the membranes is the intermembranous space
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
phospholipid bilayer with pores that is continuous with the rough ER
Term
nucleolus
Definition
site of ribosome production
Term
nucleoplasm
Definition
nucleus fluid, contains DNA, nucleotides and histones
Term
nucleosome
Definition
fundamental unit chromosomes, DNA double wrapped around 8 histones
Term
nucleus function
Definition
gene containing control center
Term
organelles without membranes
Definition
cytoskeleton, centrioles and ribosomes
Term
peroxisome
Definition
membranous sacs that contain enzymes to neutralize free radicals
Term
prophase
Definition
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleoli disappear, mitotic spindle is formed
Term
ribosome function
Definition
site of protein synthesis
Term
ribosome structure
Definition
granules containing protein and rRNA
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum function
Definition
store and process proteins made by the ribosomes
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum structure
Definition
flattened sacs of parallel membranes, studded with ribosomes
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
Definition
function varies by cell type
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure
Definition
tubes arranged in a looping network
Term
steps in transcription
Definition
1). initiation- RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region 2). elongation- RNA polymerase starts to make RNA strands and rezips DNA strand behind it 3). termination- mRNA synthesis ends
Term
tRNA
Definition
brings amino acid to the ribosome to make a protein
Term
telephase
Definition
chromosomes reach the pole, nucleoli and chromosomes decondense
Term
transcription
Definition
DNA being written into mRNA
Term
translation
Definition
RNA becoming a protein
Term
voltage
Definition
electrical potential energy across the membrane due to the concentration of ions
Term
voltage inside the cell
Definition
negative
Term
voltage outside the cell
Definition
positive
Term
wear and tear theory
Definition
aging is a result of chemical insults to a cell and the action of free radicals
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